Trademarks,market power,and information

This paper examines the advantages of market power acquired or maintained through trademark. Without denying the benefits to consumers of trademark protection, several objections to trademark-based dominant positions are raised:-1- the possibility that in certain cases the social benefits are less than the sum of private benefits, and less than the social costs, of trademark protection;-2- the link between trademarks and incorrect perceptions of quality differentials; and-3- certain problems which may arise in tying two trademarked products.     

改扩建项目经济评价中若干问题

做好石油加工行业改扩建项目的经济评价工作,是经济评价人员工作的重点、在总结实际工作的基础上,就经济评价人员在实际工作过程中经常遇到的总量评价和增量评价、企业及项目范围的界定、“有项目”和“无项目”状态的界定和数据选择、效益、费用的识别及改扩建项目经济评价的简化处理等若干问题进行了探讨。     

风电工程设计中的重要环节及应注意的问题

风电场建设中风电工程设计是重要的一环,是风电场建设成败的关键,而风电场的场址选择又是风电工程设计的重点,场址的选择直接影响未来风电场的发电量。结合实际设计经验,对风电工程设计中的重要环节进行了介绍,并提出应注意的问题。     

Potential for competition and the role of PTTs

The author considers the potential benefits and problems of deregulation in the telecommunications sector. He discusses competition (a) in terminal equipment supply and (b) in network provision. Assessing both areas in the light of US experience, he draws up recommendations for liberalized policies in European countries.     

A portfolio–evaluation framework for selecting R&D projects

This study aims to form the basis for constructing a framework for evaluating alternative portfolios of R&D projects. This study provides an extensive literature review on portfolio selection. Most of the existing studies deal with the portfolio selection problem by evaluating individual projects and then seeking ways to combine them for an R&D portfolio. However, the combination of individually good projects unnecessarily constitutes the optimal portfolio. In particular, this study discusses three portfolio effects: (1) the difference between the preference for the portfolio as a whole and the preference for the projects, (2) the interrelation among projects, (3) the size of portfolio selection problems. This study develops a three–phase framework for evaluating R&D portfolios and proposes a new taxonomy of the portfolio attributes (i.e. independent, interrelated, and synergistic). This study concludes with a discussion of future research, directed toward increasing the applicability of portfolio–selection approaches for managing R&D portfolios.     

石油企业提高物资采购质量探讨

从石油行业物资采购工作的特点、管理存在的问题入手,就如何引入质量管理理论实现科学理性采购,强调企业在供应链管理环境下应该通过全过程的质量控制手段．与伙伴供应商建立一种新型的合作伙伴关系,以达到提升供应链整体竞争能力的目的。研究了如何根据企业的实际需要,有目的地对伙伴供应商进行识别、评价与选择,为伙伴供应商的选择提供科学的方法和依据。     

电力期货市场对发电企业的影响探讨

随着我国电力市场的推进和经营形式的变化,电力生产出现了新的问题。电力期货市场作为电力市场发展的一种新模式,成为解决煤电矛盾困局的市场化工具,也为电力行业改进生产方式提出了新的启示。对发电企业如何利用期货市场的套利保值机理和价格发现机制以改变发电企业传统的经营方式进行了介绍,并结合我国华东区域电力市场发电权交易的经验对电力期货市场的设计进行了探讨。     

The outlook for computer mail

The author aims to present a balanced view of the prospects for computer mail, and to bring out the important policy issues surrounding the new medium. After describing, with the aid of a scenario, typical applications of the system, he outlines historical developments and current trends. He then discusses potential market size and develops cost projections. The author sees lack of customer awareness as a serious obstacle to a wider use of computer mail and balances this against a consideration of the relation of the system to organisational needs. Finally, he analyses the policy concerns resulting from the development of computer mail.     

The Impact of Seasonality on the Launch of Infrequently Purchased Products

Few published articles have dealt with the unique problems associated with the management of new, infrequently purchased products that exhibit seasonal patterns of demand. Marvin Berkowitz demonstrates how seasonality influences the performance of a new consumer durable good, a new brand of battery-operated lights, during a 2-year period following its launch. The data presented support four hypotheses: (I) the newest brands in a product category, when compared to dominant brands, will be subject to higher seasonal variation in consumer awareness, advertising recall, product attribute positioning, and purchase intent; (2) the relationship between seasonal effects and brand share within a product category will not be linear; (3) differences between product attributes for competing brands will be most apparent to consumers during periods of peak seasonal activity; and (4) perceptions of product attributes that are most important in the buying decision are subject to the least seasonal variation. The article also demonstrates how seasonal variations may be charted and discusses how this analysis contributes to the overall management of the new product.     

我国风电大规模集中开发有关问题探讨

近年来,在诸多有利因素作用下我国风电发展十分迅速,大规模集中开发也带来一些问题。对风电发展与电网发展的协调性、风电的调峰、风电的消纳、大规模风电的远距离送出等问题进行了探讨,并对我国风电消纳市场、风电送出方式（包括本地接入方式和集中送出方式）、风电与其他电源协调发展和联合送出等问题展开论述,最后提出相关建议。     

Marketing research for new product ideas arising from R&D departments

R&D departments often develop products, processes or ideas which they consider might have potential as new products. Such products may have arisen as a result of fundamental research or as a by-product of research into specific problems rather than as solutions to needs already identified in the market place. This paper discusses the problems involved in identifying and assessing the needs for product ideas originating within R&D. It indicates the need for understanding and co-operation between R&D and marketing departments in this particular form of new product development.     

How to Increase the Odds for Successful Brand Extension

Increasingly, new products are being introduced to the market as line extensions. Chester Kane discusses several ways to improve current practices. He argues that several special steps should be taken to obtain maximum leverage from the value of an existing brand name. Starting with efforts to understand customer's perceptions of the brand, he describes a series of approaches that collectively stress planning, objectivity, and the use of appropriate research tools. The article discusses a variety of both successes and failures, noting that seldom do customer's perceptions match current brand marketing strategies, a fact overlooked by many companies.     

勘探与生产高级工程监督培养选拔和使用

勘探与生产高级工程监督是油公司工程项目管理的核心。对勘探与生产高级工程监督的培养、选拔和使用问题进行了探讨,提出高级工程监督应具备的能力素质和培养选拔原则,讨论了培训工作的重点、资质的考核方法和高级监督资源使用应注意的问题。     

服务外包发展的国际比较及其对天津的启示——基于印度、爱尔兰和以色列三国的分析

随着经济全球化和信息技术的飞速发展,全球产业正在经历从制造业向服务业转型,服务外包作为国际产业升级的新态势,已经成为世界各国提升产业竞争力的重要引擎。文章以印度、爱尔兰和以色列三国服务外包的发展经验作为参考,结合天津服务外包产业发展的现状与问题,从政策、人才、企业3个方面,提出了天津加快发展服务外包产业的路径选择。     

Three decades of research on corporate governance and R&D investments: a systematic review and research agenda

This paper reviews and systematizes the empirical research on the nexus between corporate governance (CG) and investments in research and development (R&D) published in leading business, management, economics and finance journals over the past 30 years. We find that CG is key in shaping R&D investments. Moreover, the effects of both firm- and country-level CG are important for both internal and external R&D investments. Drawing on our review, we welcome future studies to examine the effect of the interplay between various CG mechanisms and different types of R&D investments, and possibly identify mediating variables besides the moderating ones. Moreover, we highlight the need for future interdisciplinary studies, as well as investigations of private companies and across developing countries. Whenever causal interpretations are attempted, both sample selection and endogeneity problems should be addressed, along with testing the CG-R&D investment nexus for nonlinear dynamics. The implications of the study for both theory and practice are also discussed.     

The Impact of Fit Measures on the Consumer Evaluation of New Co‐Branded Products*

A popular strategy currently employed for new product introductions is co‐branding. Such a strategy allows a brand to innovate with the support of a partner brand. The present study investigates how consumers perceive a new product with two brands. Previous research focused on the logic of a brand combination by investigating the impact of the fit between both existing product categories (i.e., product‐product fit) and the fit between both brand images (i.e., brand‐brand fit) on the evaluation of a new co‐branded product. However, no study has yet focused on the relationships between both brands and their existing product categories, and the specific new product that has been developed. The present paper aims to improve the understanding of the potential benefits of co‐branding by taking the role of the new product into account. The empirical study discussed in this paper replicates and extends the model of Simonin and Ruth (1998) by adding two new measures to their model. These measures are related to the fit of both existing product categories with the new product (i.e., new‐product‐product fit) and the fit of both brand images with the new product (i.e., new‐product‐brand fit). The results from this empirical study with 210 consumers in The Netherlands show that product‐product fit, brand‐brand fit, and new‐product‐brand fit have a significant positive impact on the evaluation of a new co‐branded product. New‐product‐product fit was not significantly related to consumer evaluations. In addition, the results show that consumers prefer a new co‐branded product that can be clearly associated with one of the brands in the partnership so that it can be categorized unambiguously. This paper discusses these findings and provides implications for research and managerial practice in the important and growing field of brand‐driven innovation.     

Selecting Winning New Product Projects: Using the NewProd System

Separating probable winners from probable losers is the goal of the new product screening task, and Professor Robert G. Cooper has developed a model that does this with remarkable success. In this article, he reviews various approaches to new product screening and then presents the basics of the NewProd model. NewProd now has a history of use in industry that seems to be fulfilling its original research promise. Professor Cooper shows how managers can build their own screening models and outlines how such models can contribute in an important way to better new product selection decisions. Over the years, Professor Cooper has conducted a series of major research projects that have aimed at improvements in the new product process. Their hallmark has been managerial relevance and a sound theoretical foundation. This article, the third that Professor Cooper has published in JPIM , is in the same tradition.     

Voices from the Field: How Exceptional Electronic Industrial Innovators Innovate

This exploratory research uses in‐depth qualitative interviews to investigate how 11 exceptional innovators in the electronics industry initiated, created, and commercialized radical innovations in their firms. From the data, two initial frameworks emerged for how radical innovations were created by these individuals. Four themes emerged associated with what these innovators bring to the organization as an underpinning for being able to radically innovate. Additional themes emerged as to the process by which they innovate. Across the literatures of innovation, psychology, and management, creativity is discussed in terms of person, product, or process. This research samples on highly creative innovations (products) and finds that it appears that both person and process need to be considered in attaining radical innovation. One may not be able to consider separately the person who achieves radical innovation from the process he or she uses to achieve it. These exceptional innovators have specific personality characteristics that support radically creative behavior, supplemented by a perspective or worldview that focuses on having a business orientation yet also a somewhat idealistic attitude. They have prepared for innovation by studying deeply, within not just one primary technology topic but also a secondary or peripheral technology topic. In addition, they have prepared broadly, across technology, business, and markets. They are both extrinsically and intrinsically motivated to innovate. People communicating what problems are urgently important to them to be solved produce external motivation for the innovator, who is then intrinsically motivated to solve these people's problems by creating new products. In terms of how they innovate, these exceptional innovators are organizationally savvy and both understand and participate in the politics necessary to gain acceptance of and resources for their project. They use an innovation process that emphasizes the up‐front aspects of finding interesting problems, planning first before executing, and understanding customer needs in great detail. This allows them to generate insights into how to solve those problems profitably for the firm. Once they have obtained and validated their insights for solving the problem, they participate in the actual implementation of the concept to a commercialized product. However, this development aspect of innovating is not much spoken of, as if it is taken for granted. Finally, they actively disseminate knowledge and acceptance of the innovation postinvention.     

Guidelines for Corporate Trademark Licensing

Licensing a trademark in many firms, if it occurs at all, is an incidental ad hoc arrangement. An unorganized approach can mean trouble. It can also mean the firm is losing an opportunity to exploit fully a valuable asset. Tom Meyer, Cathie Tinney, and Terry Tinney argue that trademark licensing is deserving of careful attention and planning.     

Examining fidelity of program implementation in a STEM-oriented out-of-school setting

In the United States and many other countries there is a growing emphasis on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education that is expanding the number of both in-school and out-of-school instructional programs targeting important STEM outcomes. As instructional leaders increasingly train teachers and facilitators to undertake new STEM focused programs, it will become especially important for these leaders to understand the concept of program fidelity, which seeks to examine the alignment between how a program is designed to be implemented and how that program is actually implemented in the field. This article discusses an exploratory study examining program fidelity within the geospatial and robotics technologies for the twenty-first century (GEAR-Tech-21) project, which is an out-of-school program teaching educational robotics and geospatial-related STEM concepts, across more than 20 different states, as funded by the National Science Foundation. The study results identified relationships related to program fidelity that were identifiable across various instructional modules, and associated with specific training and content characteristics.