旅游环境、消费习惯与低碳旅游参与意愿的关系——以武陵源自然遗产地为例

旅游者是低碳旅游开发的关键。文章以武陵源景区为例,构建自然遗产地低碳旅游开发中旅游者参与意愿的结构方程模型,探讨低碳旅游环境、旅游者低碳消费习惯和低碳旅游参与意愿的关系。研究发现,低碳旅游环境对旅游者的低碳参与意愿具有显著的正向影响,旅游环境对旅游者的低碳消费习惯不具有显著的影响,旅游者的低碳消费习惯对其低碳旅游意愿具有显著的正向影响。相比低碳旅游环境建设,旅游者低碳习惯培育在低碳旅游发展中的效应更加明显,所以低碳旅游开发中需要强化旅游者的主体作用,通过强制和引导相结合的措施,不断培育旅游者的低碳旅游习惯。     

自驾车旅游者的行为特征及空间效应分析

本文调查分析了自驾车旅游者的基本特征,并重点探讨了他们的消费特性、旅游偏好和消费空间分异特征,绘制了自驾车旅游者的出游意愿与可达机会的普雷德行为矩阵图.从对城市周边旅游地发展的促进作用和对旅游接待地服务体系完善两方面探讨了自驾车旅游者行为空间效应,认为自驾车旅游对城市周边的乡村旅游地、度假区的发展以及温冷型景区的升温具有较大的促进作用,同时对旅游目的地服务水平提高、乡村旅馆发展、旅游购物促进和旅游信息系统建设等起到重要作用.     

“创意旅游”时代的旅游规划体系创新思考

正随着旅游业的快速发展和人们生活水平的不断提高,传统大众观光旅游方式过于依赖自然、环境等元素,其文化含量不足、创新意识不够等弊端日益凸显。同时,伴随体验经济时代的到来,旅游者需求理念趋于成熟。一方面,个性化突出的旅游者不愿继续被动接受传统、单一的"到此一游"的旅游方式,而是追求旅游服务的差异化,希望成为自己旅游需求的生产者和设计者;另一方面,旅游消费中休闲娱乐的诉求比例不断增大,乡村体验游、主题公园游和动漫主题游等参与度高、娱乐性强和     

价值观与旅游消费行为关系研究进展与启示

价值观是影响旅游者消费心理和行为的重要因素.内隐性价值观与外显性旅游消费行为关系的研究路径可以归纳为"由内而外"(价值观→行为)和"由外而内"(行为→价值观)两种路径,不同研究路径的视角、目的和方法等存在一定差异.现有的价值观与旅游消费行为关系的研究成果,主要集中在旅游者价值观的界定和度量、旅游市场细分、旅游活动偏好、价值观对旅游消费行为影响等方面,并回顾了中国旅游者价值观研究.中国消费者价值观与旅游行为关系研究应具有中国情境化特征,理论建构要嵌入中国社会文化现实和具体消费情境,从主位研究视角发展旅游者价值观概念,将定量和质性研究方法相结合,增强价值观对旅游消费行为影响的解释力,加强对不同群体和区域消费者个人价值观与旅游行为关系的研究.价值观与旅游消费行为关系的中国情境化取向研究,有助于从价值观视角揭示中国旅游者行为的规律,为企业开展价值观驱动的旅游营销活动提供理论指导.     

浅析旅游购物价格更改对旅游消费的影响

成为旅游者的个人条件中,有钱是重要原因之一。出游前游客普遍会计划本次旅游所需费用,而在旅游活动过程中旅游购物的支出时常会成为额外的旅游消费,因为旅游购物属于不可控的消费。在面对物美价廉地旅游购物商品时人们消费需求更佳。因此旅游市场中购物品的价格偏高是人们不愿意购买旅游购物品的原因之一,通过本文论诉希望可以试点旅游景区尝试通过旅游价格的调整来促进旅游消费。     

花钱买罪受？基于旅游者心理账户的旅游失败评价机制研究

文章基于心理账户理论，分析了旅游者心理账户的内涵和特征，通过识别旅游者心理账户的类别、运算规则和旅游消费效用，从心理账户的视角揭示了旅游者如何将一次旅游经历评价为失败的心理过程。根据扎根理论的分析方法，该研究对豆瓣小组讨论贴和访谈资料的文本数据进行了编码分析，将旅游者心理账户归纳为经济性账户、功能性账户、社会性账户、情感性账户和风险性账户5种类型。根据心理账户的运算规则，研究阐述了旅游者心理账户的运算规则，包括加法规则（同账户程度、跨账户种类叠加）和减法规则（同账户内、跨账户间损益抵消）。进一步地，通过旅游者消费效用分析，研究揭示了3种厌恶程度依次递增的旅游失败类型：交易效用为负（经济性账户损失）、获得效用为负（功能性账户、社会性账户、情感性账户损失）和风险性账户损失。该研究从旅游者心理账户的分类、运算规则和消费效用评估等3个方面系统揭示了旅游失败的评价机制，拓展了心理账户理论在旅游消费情境中的应用。研究结论有助于深化旅游企业经营者和旅游目的地管理者对旅游者心理评价过程的认识，从而针对性地提升旅游者消费效用。     

国外美食与旅游研究述评——兼谈美食旅游概念泛化现象

饮食作为旅游体验中重要的组成部分,受到不少学者的关注,已积累了丰富的研究成果.21世纪初更是提出了以美食为核心的旅游,成为特殊兴趣旅游中的重要分支.文章对于国外美食与旅游的相关文献从“旅游中的饮食”和“美食旅游”两个方面进行了归纳和梳理.文献研究发现,作为旅游产品组成的饮食和美食旅游,这两个概念在研究过程中存在着相互替代、界限模糊的现象.而美食旅游概念泛化现象将导致研究过程中美食旅游者数量被人为放大,美食旅游对旅游目的地贡献被高估,真正的美食旅游者需求被忽视.文章提出要从美食在旅游过程中的中心性出发讨论美食旅游、美食旅游者和美食旅游者的体验.     

旅游制度环境与国内旅游消费:制度嵌入性视角

旅游卫星账户(Tourism Satellite Accounts,TSA)将旅游业界定为一系列为旅游者提供或多或少依赖旅游业的商品和服务,旅游业的规模由消费者(旅游者)的消费所决定(Frechtling,1999,2010;Smeral,2006)。旅游者可以自主决定其出游行为和消费行为,同时也要受到嵌入其中的制度环境的约束。“制度嵌入性”是指消费者选择行为的制度约束(N ee和Ingram,1998;王宁,2008)。以国内旅游消费为例,意指旅游消费行为嵌入我国的旅游制度中。王宁将“制度嵌入性”视作消费社会学的一个研究纲领,有效解释了“消费自主性”忽略的“消费脆弱性”话题。     

网络公关——信息时代旅游营销的新策略

进入信息时代和以往相比,最大的不同就是人们愿意用更多元的视角来接受信息,开始逐渐习惯用自己的方式从海量的互联网信息中寻找需要的信息.信息受众正在向互联网转移,对电视、报刊和人际信息渠道的依赖逐渐减少.多项实地调查表明,互联网已超过传统媒介而成为人们获取旅游信息的首选媒介,旅游者出游前在网站、论坛等网络媒体获取旅游信息的比例已经占到一半左右,互联网上的信息对于旅游者决策目的地的选择以及推荐等行为有非常重要的影响.     

基于市场细分的女性旅游电子商务市场开发研究

旅游电子商务为旅游者提供更加个性化、人性化服务,是我国旅游业发展的一个主要方向。而女性群体是旅游电子商务市场中的重要组成部分,且女性在旅游电子商务消费上有其独特的特点。文章通过对女性旅游电子商务市场进行细分,研究不同年龄段女性旅游电子商务的消费特点．并提出了几点措施和建议。     

Economics of tourist's consumption behaviour: Some evidence from Australia

This study analyses the consumption behaviour of international tourists from Australia's four major source markets: New Zealand, UK, USA and Japan. A preliminary analysis of their consumption expenditures reveals intriguing similarities as well as diversities in consumption patterns. These are sought to understand in terms of the utility-maximising framework in which observed differences in prices and incomes play a key role. Based on the neoclassical economic theory of consumer behaviour, models incorporating five major components of tourist consumption – Accommodation, Food, Transport, Shopping and Entertainment- are estimated. Overall, the level of tourist consumption is found to be highly sensitive to incomes but less sensitive to prices. The low price sensitivity suggests tourists perceive the commodities as necessities and may also reflect their captivity at the destination, masking the underlying true price sensitivities. An important dimension underlying these findings is the possible lack of information about the destination leading to sub-optimal consumption choices.     

Factors influencing tourist food consumption

This study attempts to identify the salient factors affecting tourist food consumption. By reviewing available studies in the hospitality and tourism literature and synthesising insights from food consumption and sociological research, five socio-cultural and psychological factors influencing tourist food consumption are identified: cultural/religious influences, socio-demographic factors, food-related personality traits, exposure effect/past experience, and motivational factors. The findings further suggest that the motivational factors can be categorised into five main dimensions: symbolic, obligatory, contrast, extension, and pleasure. Given the lack of research in examining tourist food consumption systematically, the multidisciplinary approach adopted in this study allows a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon which forms the basis for further research and conceptual elaboration.     

Construction and validation of a scale to measure tourist motivation to consume local food

Although the importance of the role of local food in tourism has begun to form an academic debate in the last decade, little effort has been invested in understanding what tourist motivations influence consumption of local food and beverages in a tourist destination and to develop a measurement scale for those motivations. Thus, this study adopted the comprehensive procedures of measurement scale development recommended by prior studies. The scale development procedure yielded a five factor measurement scale with acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Five underlying motivational dimensions of local food consumption were labelled: cultural experience; interpersonal relation; excitement; sensory appeal; and health concern. The outcomes and applications of the developed scale are discussed both in terms of theoretical and managerial implications.     

Examining the efficacy of self-classification approach in segmenting special-interest tourists: food tourism case

Self-classification is used as an a priori approach to tourist typology and market segmentation. However, skepticism still surrounds its ability to incorporate the multidimensionality of tourist behavior. This study seeks to empirically verify the efficacy of a single-item self-classification approach. The robustness of this self-classification measure is examined by comparing it to a data-driven multidimensional psychographic approach in terms of its ability to predict the behaviors of tourists toward food-related destination consumption. Results suggest that the single-item self-classification approach performs equally well as the psychographic approach in segmenting food-related consumption behaviors. The implications and limitations of this study are also discussed.     

旅游吸引物属性之辨

旅游吸引物在旅游系统中扮演着基础性作用,但却面临着语义的不明和来自理论内部与旅游实践的双重挑战。文章从边界与内涵出发,借助"旅游吸引物"与"旅游资源"的比较、旅游吸引物与旅游吸引物系统的转变,剖析旅游吸引物之为吸引物的意义生成与社会建构过程,重新思考旅游吸引物之属性及其在当下旅游实践中的作用,探讨其社会建构所反映的旅游与社会的关系问题。文章认为,旅游吸引物兼具自然属性、社会属性和符号属性等多重属性,吸引力特性是其本质属性;旅游吸引物属性及其社会建构有深刻的社会基础。旅游吸引物边界及其属性的理论反思,在旅游席卷全球的当下,兼具学理价值与现实意义;在火热的乡村旅游实践中,对守护乡土景观亦有特殊意涵。     

Me,My Tourist-Self,and I: The Symbolic Consumption of Travel

This paper argues that before the tourism industry can truly individualize products, experiences, and niche markets successfully, we need to better understand exactly what benefits a tourist is seeking to obtain through the symbolic consumption of tourist products. This study has made the first attempt to empirically test a model combining self-concept, self-congruity, motivation, and symbolic consumption behavior within a tourism setting. Based on a sample of 410 young “overseas experience” (OE) travelers, the results reaffirm that the self is multidimensional, whilst also suggesting that when buying a product, or consuming an experience abroad, the tourist looks beyond functional utility to social meaning. This study further suggests that when making consumption decisions, a tourist forms perceptions based on the likelihood that the product or experience will be congruent with their self.     

Tourist arrivals,energy consumption and pollutant emissions in a developing economy–implications for sustainable tourism

Sustainable tourism management policies should aim at maximising economic benefits from tourist arrivals while minimising associated adverse impacts on the environment. This study assesses the short-run and long-run relationships between tourist arrivals, per capita economic output, emissions, energy consumption and capital formation, citing Nepal as a specific case study. We developed four hypotheses and tested them using time-series econometrics based on the autoregressive distributed lag model and Granger causality tests. The results provide strong evidence of an economy driven tourism sector where expansion in economic output leads to expansion in tourist arrivals. More tourist arrivals, in turn, generate positive impacts on gross capital formation. Energy consumption negatively affects tourist arrivals, calling for increased attention towards improving energy efficiency and energy diversity. We conclude that national policies to increase tourist arrivals should be integrated with national energy and environmental policies in order to facilitate the transition towards a sustainable tourism sector.     

Immersive narratives of ‘self-work’ in an experience society: understanding the cruise ship experience

ABSTRACT

Commentators have long argued that cruise ship tourism is a highly rationalised form of mass consumption, a ‘total institution’ in which consumption defines and controls the individual’s experience. Arguing that this represents a simplification, this article suggests that a closer analysis of cruise tourism tells us something profound about the nature of what it means to be a consumer in a de-territorialised age. Specifically, the article explores the suggestion that the cruise experience represents a mode of consumption in which the consumer effectively becomes the product. Through the deployment of an autoethnographic investigation of the cruising experience the paper seeks to shed light on the relationship between the tourist experience and notions of self, while making a case for a re-conceptualisation of consumption as self-work. In this light, the contention is made that the ideological power of consumption is intensified by tourism’s emphasis on the experience of the consumer as part of a broader process in which there has been a shift away from the specific consumption of products towards consumption as a temporal-partial process of self-endowment.     

New tourism for old? Policy developments in Cornwall and Devon

This paper will examine current tourism policies in Cornwall and Devon. Although long established, the tourist industry is in need of restructuring in order to compete in an increasingly discerning and heterogeneous market. Beginning with an overview of the current role and characteristics of tourism in the two counties, this paper will analyze aspects of European, national, regional and local policy. It will be shown that the restructuring of tourism within Cornwall and Devon has resulted in a shift in institutional control over tourist space which is in part a response to a wider context of changes in the nature of commodification and consumption. In conclusion it will be argued that the analysis of tourism policies and strategies cannot be simply reduced to the function of economic imperatives, but needs to be analyzed by conceptualizing such developments as a complex multi-dimensional set of socio-cultural relations and flows.     

从旅游者角度对旅游目的地形象的探讨

旅游目的地形象是吸引游客最关键的因素之一,是旅游整体营销理念中的重要概念。本文从旅游者角度探讨了旅游目的地形象的可感知性与不可感知性,并提出了正确运用旅游地形象要素进行形象策划的观点。