管理会计的变迁管理与创新探索

在经济新常态的市场化特征下,寻求组织创新机制与高水平本土化管理会计相匹配的管理工具和方法体系,需要认清管理会计变迁的动因,并在变迁管理的引导和规范下发挥出积极的作用。管理会计变迁管理需要构建自身的理论框架,对内强化企业系统的管理能力,对外获取更多的智慧与资源,实现组织间范围经济的有效化和合理化。管理会计变迁管理通过路径与规则的设计,有序地推进企业或组织间的制度创新,努力构建中国特色的管理会计理论与方法体系。     

管理会计推新规

自2014年1月1日起,财政部开始在除金融保险业企业以外的大中型企业范围内施行《企业产品成本核算制度（试行）》。这一制度不仅明确了制定的依据和目的、适用范围、产品和产品成本的内涵,以及成本核算的基本任务、手段和总体要求,同时还根据工业、农业、商业、建筑业和其他行业的生产经营特点和成本管理要求,分别从产品成本核算对象、产品成本核算项目和范围、产品成本归集、分配和结转进行了规定。此次新制度的施行,被认为是财政部门探索加强我国管理会计工作的重大举措。     

Organisational Change and Responsive Management Accounting Practice

The primary purpose of management accounting is to help maintain organisational control (Emmanuel, Otley and Merchant 1990). However, different types of problems can be controlled in different ways (of which the management accounting system is one). Organisational control probably becomes most problematic when a fundamental change, such as total quality management, is introduced because problems can manifest themselves in new and unexpected ways. This article uses two complementary field studies to argue that management accountants need to understand these different types of control problems, how they change when TQM is introduced and how they can be controlled.     

管理会计变革与创新的实地研究

本文在已有文献的基础上提出了管理会计变革的制度化模型,并通过我国上市公司ABC实施的实地研究进行理论检验和发展。该模型从一个全新的视觉,即新的管理会计规则和惯例的制度化的实现来衡量管理会计变革与创新的成功;强调制度化的实现要通过一个进化式的阶段变革过程来完成;每个阶段在不同程度上要受到外部环境、个人特征、组织、技术、任务特征等因素的影响;并通过三种分类方式对制度化后果进行评价。本文研究有助于我们深刻理解管理会计变革的过程本质和后果,并为我国企业引进和实施管理会计创新提供极其宝贵的经验证据。     

Accounting and Valuation: How Helpful Are Recent Accounting Rule Changes?

The longstanding debate over the proper definition of “earnings”—whether investors when setting stock prices focus primarily on GAAP earnings or other measures like operating cash flow—is both misguided and theoretically unresolvable. The biggest problem faced by investors in evaluating earnings reports is not their inability to understand the effects of the different accounting methods companies use when aggregating accounting line items into reported net income. More challenging, and more critical to the investment process, is getting complete and reliable information about the line items themselves. The authors' underlying premise is that investors, when provided sufficient information about these “components” of earnings, can combine or reconfigure them in whatever way they find most useful. But without sufficient and reliable information about the individual line items, investors will find it difficult to understand how earnings are generated and thus to produce the forecast of future earnings necessary to value a company. In the past few years, there have been significant rule changes in accounting for employee options, derivatives, and special purposes entities. The authors evaluate the extent to which the new rules encourage disclosures that are helpful from a valuation perspective. Although there has been some progress, financial reporting in each of the three areas continues to fall well short of providing the complete, disaggregated data required to value a firm with confidence.     

Investment-Based Cost Accounting as a Fundamental Basis of Decision-Oriented Management Accounting

Decision making concerns over cost allocations, especially common cost allocations, have a long history. They are well canvassed in Thomas (1969 ) and Wells (1978 ). This article revisits the cost allocation debate, albeit in a new setting, and rehearses arguments relevant to long- and short-term decision contexts. Here a means is proposed to address those problems, namely to adopt the investment-based approach to cost accounting. This approach draws on ideas of Hotelling (1925 ), Preinreich (1938 ) and Schneider (1961 ), and applies the notion of net present value in another setting, namely to cost accounting theory. Research has revealed no discussion of this in the Anglo-American literature. This article shows analytically that the investment-based approach offers a general basis for decision-oriented cost accounting, as it combines investment theory with cost accounting and thereby connects long-term with short-term decisions. While reviewing primarily European literature, it also examines several Anglo-American works. The analysis reveals how for three classical decision problems—production program planning, purchase order lot sizes, and break-even price limits—two different types of costs, namely depreciation and material costs, have to be based on cash flows and net present value. The proposed investment-based approach permits an examination of the extent to which cost accounting concepts and cost information are relevant to those decisions. This theoretical concept is used to derive pertinent cost dimensions and to solve traditional problems of cost allocation. A caution is that the investment approach is limited to decision facilitating cost accounting. Whether it may be possible to couple it with agency theory and its focus on decision influencing has not been explored and is an issue for further research.     

The Allocational Effects of the Precision of Accounting Estimates

This paper studies the allocational effects associated with the precision of accounting estimates when the precision of estimates is a choice variable for firms. One part of the paper considers the effects of the observability of precision choices. We show that, generally, making precision choices private increases firms' equilibrium precision choices and also, as a by‐product, their equilibrium investment choices. We further show that, when firms' precision choices are private, there may be a “disclosure trap,” in which, unless investors conjecture the owner has chosen an estimate with the highest possible precision, the owner will respond to investors' conjecture by choosing an estimate whose precision is higher than investors' conjecture. In a multifirm version of the model with endogenous investment, we show that the equilibrium investment by the firm increases in the precision of the firm's own estimate and decreases in the precisions of other firms' estimates. Finally, we show that, in a setting where the firm's initial owner sells his stake in the firm over the course of two periods, with disclosures of estimates of the firm's value occurring prior to each sale of shares, if the precisions of the estimates are public, the equilibrium precisions of the estimates increase over time when the owner sells a sufficiently large fraction of the firm in the first period, and otherwise the equilibrium precisions of estimates remain constant over time.     

The Effect of Federal Reserve Accounting Rules on the Equilibrium Level of Overnight Repo Rates

This paper addresses whether Federal Reserve Board accounting requirements are sufficiently pervasive to create regularities in government overnight repurchase agreement (repo) rates. US bank settlement regulations allow overnight government repos as substitutes for Federal (Fed) funds. We find that overnight government repos exhibit rate changes and variance regularities consistent with regularities identified in the Fed funds market, which have been shown to result directly from the Federal Reserve regulations and accounting policies governing the US bank settlement process. Thus, we conclude that the overnight government repo rates are influenced in a similar manner by regulatory rules. However, since the rate changes are not large economically, the influence of regulatory accounting practices does not violate the premise of an efficient market.     

管理会计的未来

与传统的财务会计相比,如今,管理会计工作的内容与方式已发生了翻天覆地的变化,管理会计在企业中的作用与意义更是今非昔比。诚然,管理会计的发展有着广阔的空间,但绝非坦途。我们期待迎来管理会计的那片蓝海。     

上市公司权益披露规则与“慢走规则”法律适用——从《证券法》第86条和《上市公司收购管理办法》谈起

在我国上市公司的股东权益变动中,对于如何适用权益披露规则和慢走规则存在颇多疑问。《证券法》第86条和《上市公司收购管理办法》第13-15条关于权益披露规则和慢走规则的规定,不够清晰、明确,甚至相互矛盾、不一致和不周圆,这给市场参与者(尤其是投资者)造成了一定困扰。因此,有必要对权益披露规则和慢走规则的法律适用作出一定的厘清。本文结合一个现实案例,对权益披露规则和慢走规则法律适用中存在的问题进行了一些梳理和分析,并尝试对此提出了一些完善建议。     

管理会计入夏

中国社会进入经济转型及价值提升的关键时期,CFO需要带领其团队增强所属企业的实力、实现可持续发展,而管理会计被认为是最佳助力。先锋企业的创新探索和实战体悟告诉我们,以战略为引领、EVA为导向,实行全面预算管理及成本管控,加强企业的内部控制,正是最有效的途径。     

管理会计的未来

11月14日,全球最大的管理会计组织—英国皇家特许管理会计师公会（CIMA）在上海举行＂中国2012年度颁奖典礼暨CFO高峰论坛＂。当日下午,卡夫食品中国CFO黄瑞龙、上海大众汽车有限公司CFO周江、箭牌中国CFO李景辉、碧水源科技股份有限公司常务副总裁何愿平、CIMA北亚区总裁李颖等,就经济转型期管理会计的发展与应用进行讨论。     

The Adaptation of German Accounting Rules to IFRS: A Legislative Balancing Act

The accounting strategy of the EU Commission for the last ten years, which reached one of its goals with the Regulation on IAS, is challenging all EU Member States. This article gives an analytical insight into the way the German legislator has confronted this challenge. It explains the statutory changes introduced to adapt the accounting regime in Germany, against the background of arguments for reform and proposals which have been put forward in the German accounting literature and by influential interest groups. The major characteristics of the government's accounting strategy are analysed: an increasing focus on the macroeconomic benefits of adequate accounting regulations, a perception of accounting as a material part of the corporate governance regime, greater weight given to the notion of public interest and the information function of accounting, a focus on consolidated accounts for the revision of existing rules, and, at the same time, considerable reluctance to change any recognition and measurement rules for individual entity accounts. In general the accounting reform strategy of the German government can be characterized as being slow, conservative and reactive, following a marginal step-by-step approach.     

财务会计与管理会计融合的理论基础

本文认为 ,从根本上来说 ,会计系统是由财务会计和管理会计耦合而成的 ,它是企业管理系统的核心子系统。管理会计是从传统的单一的会计体系中分离出来的 ,甚至可以说是脱胎于传统的财务会计。二者的理论基础有其同源性。财务会计核算的目的在于通过提供信息来影响人们的决策及其行为 ;管理会计只不过运用了一些特殊的方法和技术对企业的生产经营活动及人的行为进行管理和控制。二者统一服务于现代企业会计管理的总体要求 ,共同为实现企业内部经营管理的目标和满足外部各利益相关者的要求服务。会计系统及其发展表现出分化与融合的辨证统一 ,新经济条件下 ,借助于计算机技术与网络技术及现代企业管理理论和人员素质的普遍提高 ,财务会计和管理会计将逐渐融为一体 ,并与系统论、控制论、信息论及行为科学相结合 ,向边缘学科发展。     

管理会计体系的创新与发展

传统的管理会计体系随着形势的变化已不再适用，取而代之的是提供精确，更详细的成分本配登信息的现代管理会计系统，本从企业战略层面探讨了如何发挥管理会计的作用。     

The Effect of Earnings Management on the Value Relevance of Accounting Information

This study investigates whether opportunistic earnings management affects the value relevance of net income and book value in determining stock price. We document a decrease in the value relevance of earnings in the year of an equity offering for a group of firms with ex post evidence of earnings management. This decrease is greater for the discretionary component of earnings than for the non‐discretionary component. These results are robust to model specification and the type of offering. However, the results are sensitive to firms' disclosure activity prior to the offering.     

会计规则的制定目标:信息中立还是经济后果

会计规则的制定目标是形成高质量会计规则的根本性决定因素。“信息中立”是会计价值的根本所在 ,而“经济后果”则是会计所固有的特征。会计规则的制定目标应该综合“信息中立”和“经济后果”两方面。在会计确认与计量上 ,应保持“信息中立” ,在会计报告上 ,应考虑利益相关者的不同信息需求 ,使所披露的会计信息能够满足他们实现自己经济利益的需要 ,但会计信息本身仍然是中立的。     

论管理会计工具整合系统

我们已经引入了很多管理会计工具 ,如预算管理、平衡计分卡、经济增加值、作业成本法及作业基础管理等。但由于缺乏对这些工具差异与互补关系的理论认识 ,致使企业在具体应用这些工具时缺乏系统性 ,从而不利于管理会计功能的发挥。本文试图从管理会计功能定位出发 ,整合管理会计工具应用体系 ,以期发挥各种管理工具的综合作用 ,服务于企业 ,提升企业管理价值