欧美跨国公司在华离岸研发的空间区位战略比较研究*——基于城市层面集群网络的视角

本文基于研发子公司空间分布的城市集群网络特征,构建了跨国公司离岸研发“集群寻求型”战略框架,并采用离散选择模型对这一理论视角进行实证检验。样本包含了1992-2012年期间在华275家美国研发子公司和207家欧洲研发子公司跨越27个城市的区位战略。实证结果揭示了欧美在华离岸研发的差异化空间区位战略：美国公司采用“知识集群寻求型”战略,即一个城市的知识资源和技术基础设施是重要的区位因素;欧洲公司则采用“工业集群寻求型”战略,例如,一个城市的制造业基础、产业专业化以及公司内部的前向关联显著地影响其区位选择。此外,母国公司规模和欧洲公司母国的异质性的影响也得到证实。     

FDI在中国西部地区的区位选择:1998-2011

外商直接投资(FDI)在我国经济发展过程中发挥了举足轻重的作用,是经济增长的重要动力。FDI不仅在我国东、中、西部地区表现为"东高西低"的区位分布与竞争不平衡特征,在特定的西部地区内部也表现为激烈的竞争与区位分布不平衡。进一步,本文采用西部地区11省份1998-2011年相关数据,实证分析西部地区FDI的区位选择因素,研究结果显示,地区规模经济、对外开放政策、市场化、外资集聚对外商直接投资的区位选择的影响具有显著的正影响,较高的劳动力成本对外商直接投资的区位选择具有显著的抑制作用;而城镇化水平、基础设施变量和西部大开发政策对西部地区吸引外资虽然具有积极影响,但在统计上并不显著。上述结论对当前和未来西部地区引资政策的制定和调整具有重要的含义。     

外商在华投资的空间分布及区位选择研究

对中国经济发展而言,外商投资已成为组成经济格局的重要组成部分。文章在外商投资理论及区位选择理论的基础上,分析了外商在华投资的基本情况,总结出差异性和集聚性两个基本特征。并进一步采集数据,对外资在华投资的空间分布及区位选择进行了实证模型,得到了影响外商在华投资区位选择的系列相关因素。     

跨国公司区位选择的决定因素是什么

本文分析经济全球化大背景下,产业集聚区域的社会经济网络对集群的支持作用,指出基于产业集聚的社会经济网络优势是跨国公司区位选择的决定因素。     

基于解释结构模型的时尚产业区位选择决定因素

运用理论研究与问卷调查等方法,结合区位理论的内涵与时尚产业发展的特点,在系统总结现有理论界关于时尚产业区位选择各种影响因素的基础上,确定时尚产业区位选择的决定因素。基于灰色关联度理论,对影响时尚产业区位选择因素的重要性进行分析;通过构建解释结构模型,对时尚产业区位选择决定因素进行分层处理,用以解释说明时尚产业的空间分布规律及其空间中各类要素的相互关系。最后,从理论上对时尚产业区位选择决定因素进行解析,探讨了时尚产业区位选择决定因素在空间分布上的一般法则。文章认为,时尚产业有着特殊的区位偏好,在促进时尚产业发展和布局时必须着重考虑区位因素及要素集聚程度。     

金融集聚对区域经济增长的溢出效应研究

本文基于空间计量模型,利用我国2010~2015年的面板数据,实证分析金融集聚对区域经济增长的溢出效应,研究表明:我国各省份金融发展具有空间相关性,其中东部省份仍然是金融空间相关性最强的地区,金融集聚的不平衡性体现了经济发展的区域性;金融集聚对区域经济增长具有正向溢出效应,其中银行业的溢出效应最为明显,证券业和保险业的溢出效应较弱,经济发展区域不平衡与金融行业结构不平衡相互交织,最终导致金融集聚的溢出效应分布不平衡。     

美国在华直接投资的地区分布及决定因素

美国是对华直接投资的重要国家之一,但美国在华投资的区域分布极不平衡。本文通过对文献的回顾,分析了影响美国对华直接投资的六个决定因素:政策变量、成本因素、市场规模、地理区位因素。     

在华跨国银行:集聚现状、关联效应和影响因素

随着中国经济的迅速发展和银行业的对外开放,外资银行在中国的投资也呈现出加速的趋势.由于中国地区发展不平衡,金融基础设施存在很大差异,外资银行在中国的投资区位分布呈现出了集聚的特征.本文探讨了跨国银行在中国的集聚现状,分析了跨国银行在各地区的集聚程度,以及影响跨国银行在华集聚的因素.     

改革开放以来广东省经济发展不平衡时空演变

通过以1979年为标准价的广东省各市真实人均GDP分析改革开放以来地区经济发展不平衡。研究发现,在经济飞速发展的同时,不同地区经济发展差距越发凸显。在时间维度上,广东省经济不平衡经历快速扩张→波动扩张→收缩调整→相对稳定四个阶段。空间维度上,广东省地区经济具有明显的空间集聚性,珠三角地区为经济发展的增长极。地区经济发展不平衡主要是由四大区域之间的差异所导致,极化效应在经济发展中占据主导地位,东西两翼及粤北山区经济发展难以赶上珠三角地区。空间集聚和经济发展不平衡两者之间相互促进,路径依赖现象明显。     

湖南省经济空间变化分析

本文选取2007年-2014年GDP密度作为研究指标,运用G★指数和标准差椭圆对湖南省经济密度进行空间统计分析.结果表明,总体上,湖南省经济以长株潭地区为核心形成经济集聚地区;从时间推移上对比湖南省经济密度整体分布,得出其经济发展具有方向性,逐年向东北方向偏移:从空间静态的均衡椭圆和经济密度椭圆对比上看,湖南省经济发展方向与湖南省空间分布方向不平衡.最后对湖南省经济空间演化机理进行分析,提出对经济发展政策的建议.     

The export intensity of foreign affiliates in transition economiesThe importance of the organization of production1

Using a unique database containing trade and industry variables of foreign‐owned companies in the Polish manufacturing industry for the years 1993–2002, we investigate the relationship between the organizational structure of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Poland and the export structure of their affiliates. We find that labour intensity and foreign control are the main explanatory variables for the export intensity of the affiliates. Given the overall rise in export intensity over the period of investigation, our findings suggest that export‐platform FDI has become a more important mode of organization for multinational enterprises as Poland has evolved into a relatively stable economic environment where MNEs feel comfortable basing their regional operations.     

Role of home and host country innovation systems in r&d internationalisation: a patent citation analysis

This paper has three novelties. First, we argue that any given R&D facility’s capacity to exploit and/or augment technological competences is a function not just of its own resources, but the efficiency with which it can utilise complementary resources associated with the relevant local innovation system. Just as asset-augmenting activities require proximity to the economic units (and thus the innovation system) from which they seek to learn, asset-exploiting activities draw from the parent’s technological resources as well as from the other assets of the home location’s innovation system. Furthermore, we argue that most firms tend to undertake both asset exploiting and augmenting activities simultaneously. Second, we use patent citation data from the European Patent Office to quantify the relative asset augmenting vs. exploiting character of foreign-located R&D. Third, we do so for European MNEs located in the US, as well as US MNEs located in Europe. Our results indicate that both EU (US) affiliates in the US (EU) rely extensively on home region knowledge sources, although they appear to exploit the host country knowledge base as well.     

How Much do Technological Gap,Firm Size,and Regional Characteristics Matter for the Absorptive Capacity of Italian Enterprises?

The absorptive capacity—the ability of enterprises to efficiently absorb and internalise knowledge from outside sources—represents the link between firms’ capabilities to implement new products and the external stock of technological opportunities, such as those gleamed from Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). This paper explores whether the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the productivity of Italian domestically-owned firms (DOFs) is dependent on their absorptive capacity. In particular, given the peculiar characteristics of the Italian productive system, our analysis focuses on three different dimensions of the absorptive capacity: the size of the technological gap between foreign-owned firms (FOFs) and DOFs, firm size, and the regional distribution of firms. Our findings suggest that technological gap and firm size matter considerably for the spillover effect. Moreover, spillovers exhibit a sub-national dimension present only in the northeastern region of the peninsula.     

Vertical foreign direct investment: Make,buy, and sell

According to conventional wisdom, multinational enterprises (MNEs) undertake vertical FDI to take advantage of cross‐border factor cost differences and source inputs from abroad at better terms. However, recent empirical studies document many instances in which intrafirm trade between parent firms and their vertically related foreign affiliates is absent. We provide theoretical support for these findings, demonstrating that a firm can engage in vertical FDI to exploit its intangible assets in another country and improve its input sourcing terms domestically by enhancing its cross‐threat. Furthermore, we show that the welfare implications of vertical FDI on the home and host country are neither always positive nor aligned.     

Exposure to FDI and new plant survival: evidence in Canada

Abstract This paper examines the effects of FDI on indigenous new plants’ survival, through intra‐ and inter‐industry economic linkages. It includes all manufacturing plants born to indigenous firms from 1973 to 1997 in Canada. The study finds that indigenous plants tend to have shorter lives (more deaths) due to competition with FDI affiliates operating in the same industry, but they benefit from FDI affiliates operating both in downstream industries as customers and in upstream industries as suppliers. The positive inter‐industry effects of FDI outweigh the negative intra‐industry effects, resulting in a net positive impact of FDI on the durations of indigeneous plants.     

Skill Upgrading and Production Transfer within Swedish Multinationals

This paper studies the link between production transfer within Swedish‐headquartered multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the manufacturing industry and skill upgrading in their parent companies in the 1990s. The analysis distinguishes between horizontal and vertical foreign direct investment (FDI). The increased employment share in the affiliates in non‐OECD countries (vertical FDI) has a non‐trivial, significantly positive effect on the share of skilled labor in the Swedish parents. On the other hand, the parents’ skill upgrading is unrelated to employment changes in their affiliates in other OECD countries (horizontal FDI). This is consistent with implications of the newly developed horizontal MNE models.     

The demand for tax haven operations

What types of firms establish tax haven operations, and what purposes do these operations serve? Analysis of affiliate-level data for American firms indicates that larger, more international firms, and those with extensive intrafirm trade and high R and D intensities, are the most likely to use tax havens. Tax haven operations facilitate tax avoidance both by permitting firms to allocate taxable income away from high-tax jurisdictions and by reducing the burden of home country taxation of foreign income. The evidence suggests that the primary use of affiliates in larger tax haven countries is to reallocate taxable income, whereas the primary use of affiliates in smaller tax haven countries is to facilitate deferral of U.S. taxation of foreign income. Firms with sizeable foreign operations benefit the most from using tax havens, an effect that can be evaluated by using foreign economic growth rates as instruments for firm-level growth of foreign investment outside of tax havens. One percent greater sales and investment growth in nearby non-haven countries is associated with a 1.5 to 2% greater likelihood of establishing a tax haven operation.     

近20年美国对外直接投资结构的变化及影响因素分析

本文着重分析了20来美国对外直接投资的行业结构和地区的特征和变化。研究表明，美国对外直接投资的空间结构相对稳定，即以欧洲等发达国家和地区为主；而行业结构变化明显，由以制造业为主转向以金融、保险和房地产业为主。对外直接投资的行业结构和地区结构是相互联系制约的，不同行业的比较优势与特定地区的区位优势相结合，才能产生投资效益。跨国公司对外投资区位的选择，是根据其投资战略并结合自身的竞争优势和东道国的区位优势，经过综合决策而确定的。     

MNEs and market valuation of firms: a cross-sectional study of Indian electrical and electronic goods manufacturing firms

This paper argues that inter-firm differences in the direction of change in market valuation will depend mainly on the ‘salience’ and unique risk characteristics of the firms. These characteristics are largely influenced by mulinational enterprise (MNE) affiliation. The sample for the study consists of electrical and electronic manufacturing firms in India for 1994–1996. Maximum Likelihood Estimates of the Probit model show that even during a downswing in the stock market MNE affiliates were able to hold their own and increase their market valuation. These results hold good for a wide variety of products produced in this sector where both MNEs and local firms compete. The results have implications for theories relating to MNEs, stock market valuation and also for policy makers.