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We discuss the literature on the importance of entry and exitfor raising productivity growth. Using micro data for the UKfor a period from 1980 to 2000, we find that the share of productivitygrowth accounted for by entry and exit has increased considerably:from around 25 per cent in the 1980s to around 50 per cent inthe 1990s. We then ask to what extent increased globalization—measuredas sectoral import penetration—might have explained thisand find effects from both globalization and information andcommunication technology.  相似文献   

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毛日昇 《南方经济》2012,(7):103-116
本文利用中国1999-2007年441个四位码工业行业数据,考察外商直接投资在产业内部和产业之间,通过直接影响劳动力市场供给方式和间接生产率外溢方式对中国内资行业的工资外溢效应。研究结果表明:(1)外商直接投资(FDI)通过直接和间接方式对中国内资行业工资在产业内部和产业之间都产生了显著的正向外溢效应;(2)国有行业比重提高会显著促进FDI通过劳动力供给方式对内资行业产生工资外溢效应,但同样会显著阻碍FDI通过间接的生产率外溢方式对内资行业产生工资外溢效应;(3)FDI对内资劳动密集型行业的工资外溢效应显著高于资本密集型行业,FDI进入显著缩小了中国不同劳动生产率工业部门的工资收入差距。  相似文献   

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The present paper examines the impacts of technological change and trade flows on wage inequality across manufacturing industries. Using micro–level data from the Taiwan Manpower Utilization Survey (TMUS), 1982–1997, a slight decline in the log–wage differential between college and high–school workers is detected during this period. These results indicate that the accelerated growth in the relative supply of college graduates, combined with steady demand growth in favor of more highly educated workers, can largely explain the narrowing wage differentials within Taiwanese manufacturing over the period 1982–1997. In terms of demand–side factors, this study concludes that technology and trade are the two major forces driving the differences in wage inequality across industries.  相似文献   

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目前中国人民币升值最主要的原因是劳动力过剩导致劳动工资增长迟缓,特别是制造业部门的工资长期过低,导致出口的低成本和大量的贸易顺差,造成人民币面临升值的压力。改变和减慢这个趋势的主要措施,就是要提高制造业工人的工资。  相似文献   

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文章基于Heckman模型,采用1998~2007年中国工业企业数据库与283个城市最低工资匹配数据,运用倍差法实证检验了城市最低工资标准对企业引资(FDI)行为的影响。研究发现,最低工资标准对企业FDI决策和FDI数量均具有显著的抑制作用,在进行一系列稳健性检验后该结论依然成立。其中,最低工资标准对外资、劳动密集型以及东部地区企业FDI的抑制作用较为明显,对企业引进港澳台地区资本的影响有限,且最低工资标准的动态效应呈"倒U"型变化趋势。此外,最低工资标准通过成本效应抑制了企业的FDI,通过生产率效应促进企业的FDI,但前者作用效果更大。最低工资标准显著提升了地区FDI的质量;并通过改善各城市资源配置对FDI规模具有正向影响。  相似文献   

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The paper tests whether recent theories of international trade with heterogeneous firms can explain the export patterns in Dutch firm- and plant- level data in manufacturing and services. Recent trade models with heterogeneous firms predict that the export decision of firms is affected by sunk entry costs in foreign markets, with only the most productive firms self-selecting into exports. We test a latent variable model of the export decision by probit regressions and standard OLS panel regressions. Our results support the self-selection prediction. The process further appears to be conditioned by scale effects, market structure and multinational affiliation. Regarding alternative explanations, we do not find evidence for the learning-by-exporting hypothesis, even when controlling for the firm’s distance to the international productivity frontier.  相似文献   

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培育先进制造业集群是我国制造业未来的发展方向,本文在已有文献的基础上构造了衡量制造业集群发展水平的指标,并结合2000-2018年湖南省机械工业行业的数据进行了经验事实研究,发现湖南省机械工业产业集群水平在一定程度上还存在优化提升的空间。基于此,本文通过构建包含消费者、制造业厂商和数据提供商在内的三部门动态一般均衡模型研究得出,制造业产业集群发展水平提高的推动力主要来源于集群的行业规模与平均集约化生产水平之间的内生作用机制,二者的相互制约决定了单期的均衡产业集群水平向跨期动态最优值过渡的推演路径。本文为制造业产业集群的实际发展提供了一个较为合理的理论支撑,同时具体刻画了新型生产要素——数据要素的定价机制、交易原则及市场均衡。  相似文献   

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In most industrialised countries, the workforce is ageing rapidly. If ageing workforces affect sectors differently, the total impact of ageing will depend on the industrial structure of an economy. This paper measures the impact of changes in the age structure of establishments on productivity using representative linked employer–employee panel data. We argue that establishment age-productivity profiles might differ for various reasons. For example, the importance of physical strength and possibilities to compensate deficits in skills differ between sectors. We investigate differences in the age-productivity profiles between the (metal) manufacturing and services sectors. However, in our preferred specification that controls for several potential sources of estimation biases, we find no significant differences in the age-productivity profiles between these sectors.  相似文献   

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This article presents estimates of purchasing power parities, real output and labour productivity in medium and large scale manufacturing in a binary comparison between Indonesia and the USA in the benchmark year 1987, It applies an industry of origin approach, comparing product unit values from the censuses of both countries. The 1987 PPP for manufacturing was Rp 1,200/$. Gross value added per person employed in 1987 was 10% of that in the USA. With the use of national time series, the 1987 benchmark was extrapolated backwards and forwards to derive productivity comparisons for the years 1975–90 in 15 branches of manufacturing. 1975–80 was a period of catch-up, with labour productivity increasing from 7.7 to 10.6% of the US level. Between 1980 and 1990 catch-up stagnated: relative productivity remained unchanged despite considerable productivity growth in Indonesia, Comparisons with other Asian economies show that labour productivity in Indonesia was somewhat higher than in India, but was still lower in 1990 than that of South Korea in 1970.  相似文献   

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中国制造业的结构变动和生产率增长   总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19  
结构变动是影响生产率增长的一个重要原因,两者的关系反映在“结构红利假说”中。本文使用扩展的shift-share方法检验了中国制造业在1985~2003年的结构变动与生产率增长的关系。得到三个基本的结论:第一,如果不考虑Verdoorn效应,估算结果有可能产生误差。生产要素从低Verdoorn弹性值的行业转移到高Verdoorn弹性值的行业有利于生产率的增长,反之相反。第二,制造业的结构变动并没有导致显著的“结构红利假说”现象。主要是因为在制造业行业之间的资源配置中,劳动和资本要素并没有向高生产率增长率的行业流动。第三,制造业的增长方式更偏向于“yeast-process”而不是“mushroom-process”。  相似文献   

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胡放之  望艳 《改革与战略》2012,28(2):142-144
劳动成本上升一方面弱化了中国制造业企业的比较优势,另一方面也影响着企业竞争力的提高.我国制造业发展正处于一个关键时期,当务之急是改革现行的工资机制,从关注劳动力资源丰富、劳动力成本低的角度转向人力资本积累,转向自主创新,大幅度提高劳动生产率,为我国制造业的发展提供持续的竞争动力.  相似文献   

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本文利用1952-2008年中国29个省市的面板数据,运用两步系统广义距(Two-step system GMM)估计方法考察了工资对全要素生产率的影响.研究发现:1952-1978年,工资与全要素生产率之间的关系不明显;1979-2008年,工资通过劳动生产率对全要素生产率的影响显著为正,而通过资本生产率对全要素生产率的影响显著为负.本文进一步从劳动力市场发育程度和出口两个方面来探析工资与全要素生产率的偏离,结果显示劳动力市场发育不完善阻碍了工资作用的发挥,出口增加缓解了工资上涨企业寻求创新的动机.  相似文献   

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