德国新自由主义与德国联邦银行的实践

当代西方经济学有不同的流派,但在总体上说不外乎两种倾向：一为国家干预主义,一为新自由主义。凯恩斯主义的各流派都是主张国家干预经济的,而新自由主义多种学说都坚信市场经济具有自动调节的功能,自身具备完善性。德国新自由主义是当代经济自由主义的一个流派,其思想核心是在首肯自由市场经济能够有效地配置资源和调节经济运行的前提下,吸收国家干预主义提出的政府调节理论和政策主张。根据新自由主义学说创立的社会市场经济模式,是第二次世界大战之后联邦德国政治经济发展的重要基础,联邦德国银行在西方独树一帜,正是这一模式的产物。     

公共选择理论及其现实借鉴意义

20世纪80年代,公共选择理论成为西方新自由主义经济学的主要流派．同时,也被列为当代十大经济学派之一,是西方新公共管理学的理论支撑。其之所以迅速成为经济学的一大派别,是因为它开创了用经济学的观点来研究政治（行政）过程,并运用个人主义方法论、经济人假说和经济学的交换范式对西方的经济困境做了深刻的揭示：是由于政治制度的失败而并非市场的失灵．这给我们提供了有意的启发。     

走可持续发展的市场经济之路

走可持续发展的市场经济之路市场，从一定意义上说是一种“经济竞技场”。市场激励竞争，会给社会带来活力，带来经济繁荣，但也并非包医百病的灵丹妙药，市场经济有其对社会、对生态环境失灵的一面。或者说，市场经济存在社会性缺陷。西方发达国家在市场经济模式探索方面...     

政府对股市的干预：来自国企改革的解释

自从市场经济产生以来，有关政府与市场的关系就一直成为各个经济学派不断探索、阐述和争论的重要话题。20世纪初以来，一些经济学家认为斯密的自由放任主义并不适合于现代市场经济，提出了“福利经济学的失灵”概念，凯恩斯主义以后的主流经济学更积极地主张在市场失灵下，由政府加以干预来弥补。即使20世纪80年代的新自由主义，也并不否认政府的必要性，只不过认为政府也会失灵，对政府的作用范围要加以严格约束，需要在两者失灵之间加以权衡。     

当代资本主义市场经济的制度困境与中国破解方案

市场经济是当今世界各国的主流经济理念,当代资本主义市场经济在实践过程中存在市场内外部失灵的双重制度困境,难以实现持续性效率.外部失灵是西方经济学界普遍承认的由于外部条件难以满足有效市场要求而带来的市场失灵,内部失灵则是由于市场经济本身存在的主体不平等、市场边界泛化和经济虚拟化倾向等问题所带来的市场失灵.社会主义市场经济...     

区域治理体系构建研究

一、我国推进区域治理的必要性 (一)全球视角:市场失灵-政府失灵-治理的演变20世纪30年代以来,奉行自由主义市场经济模式的国家经历了席卷整个资本主义国家的经济大萧条.这些国家开始认识到市场并不是万能的,存在着"市场失灵".此后这些国家的政府开始介入经济发展,通过政府的干预行为来克服自由主义市场经济的弊端.与资本主义阵营对立的社会主义阵营采用集权式的政府管理,东亚经济的腾飞似乎向世界宣布:     

新自由主义思潮的渊源与警示

新自由主义思潮是由经济理论演变的一个新理论体系，20世纪90年代以来，随着国际垄断资本主义在全球扩张，新自由主义思潮开始蔓延。时代性、两重性、阶级性是新自由主义的本质特征，这种思潮经历了创立时期、沉默时期、发展时期、嬗变蔓延时期，成为了“华盛顿共识”政策的理论基础，这种政策的实施加速了拉美地区及亚洲国家的经济改革，也加速了金融危机、货币危机、债务危机的爆发。针对我国实行改革开放，建设社会主义市场经济体制，全面建设小康社会，在引进国外先进科学技术和管理经验的同时，要坚持马克思列宁主义指导地位，从我国的国情出发，进行批判和应对。     

论市场经济中的国家经济职能

国家的经济职能，在不同的社会形态和经济发展阶段，其外廷和强弱差别较大。在市场经济条件下，它主要是为了弥补市场缺陷，促进一国经济的发展。本文通过对国家经济职能理论的历史考察，分析了现代市场经济条件下的“市场失灵”，对社会主义市场经济中的国家经济职能进行了理论探讨。     

超越市场失灵:产业政策理论前沿与中国启示

自国际金融危机爆发以来,西方发达国家普遍地出现了"重新思考产业政策"的热潮。在这种"产业政策的回潮"中,人们对"市场失灵"理论作为产业政策的理论基础所存在的缺陷提出了批评,进一步发展了系统失灵理论和能力理论等产业政策的新理论,并提出了企业家型政府理论,该理论认为,产业政策最重要的作用在于塑造市场和创造市场,而非修补市场失灵。文章认为,国外产业政策理论的这些新发展是以发达国家特别是以美国的产业政策实践为基础的,它不仅对产业政策只适合于追赶型经济的传统看法提出了挑战,而且也提出了如何认识发达国家产业政策的新类型或新工具的问题。产业政策理论及其实践的这些前沿问题对推进我国产业政策研究和改进我国产业政策实践都具有重要借鉴意义,文章从四个方面较深入地探讨了它对我国的相关启示。     

全球化背景下新自由主义对我国意识形态的影响

在经济全球化的背景下，作为资本主义政治、经济、社会矛盾发展产物的新自由主义已成为当代资本主义的主流意识形态。冷战结束后，以美国为首的西方国家在意识形态、政治经济和文化交流等各个领域对社会主义国家展开了新的攻势，推行新自由主义的意识形态堪称其核心。作为最大的社会主义国家的中国则成为其攻击的首要目标。因此，正确揭露新自由主义意识形态的本质及其对我国意识形态的影响已成为我国在参与经济全球化的同时，正确应对西方新自由主义的泛滥及维护我国意识形态安全的必要之举。     

Lessons for Asia?: European experiences—in American perspective—in legitimizing market integration

The European Union has reached a deeper level of market integration than any other region. In many ways its success parallels the integration of national-level markets, particularly in the broadly similar continental project of the United States. This paper asks whether the EU and US cases hold any lessons for the pursuit of market integration in East Asia, and reaches two positive conclusions. First, the two Atlantic continental markets display a common content of institutions and policies that helped generate broad legitimacy for market integration. Secondly, while there is wide debate over the historical mechanisms that produced successful “embedded” market integration in the EU and the US, several of these mechanisms may be reproducible in East Asia.     

Google,Facebook, Amazon,eBay: Is the Internet driving competition or market monopolization?

This paper discusses the general characteristics of online markets from a competition theory perspective and the implications for competition policy. Three important Internet markets are analyzed in more detail: search engines, online auction platforms, and social networks. Given the high level of market concentration and the development of competition over time, we use our theoretical insights to examine whether (a) leading Internet platforms have non-temporary market power and, based on this analysis, (b) whether any specific market regulation beyond general competition law rules is warranted in these three online markets.     

Instability of Equilibria in Experimental Markets: Upward-Sloping Demands,Externalities, and Fad-Like Incentives

The objective of the paper is to study markets in which the value of the activity to any one person increases with the level with which the activity is undertaken by others. The general interpretation could be fads, mimicking behavior, or some sort of belief formation process in which the beliefs or expectations of agents about some underlying state of nature are influenced by the buying behavior of other agents. The result is to create a market that can be modeled as having an upward-sloping market demand curve. The questions posed are (i) in the fad-like environment, does the classical concept of equilibrium (as an equating of market demand and market supply) accurately predict market behavior; (ii) can both stable and unstable equilibria be observed; and (iii) which of the two classical concepts of stability best describes the conditions under which instability is observed? Under the conditions of a fad-like demand side externality in a market organized by the multiple unit double auction (MUDA), market equilibration occurs at a point where demand equals supply. The disequilibrium behavior follows the dynamics of the Marshallian model of dynamics, as opposed to the Walrasian model. These results confirm and extend the major findings of Plott and George who studied a similar environment with a downward-sloping supply.     

School district consolidation: Market concentration and the scale‐efficiency tradeoff

Consolidation is often proposed as a strategy for increasing school district quality without increasing educational funding. However, if consolidation reduces competition in the local school market and reduces efficiency, any savings from exploiting economies of scale may be lost to increased inefficiency. We use a stochastic cost function to investigate these effects for districts in Texas. We find important economies of scale, but we also find that increased market concentration leads to increased cost inefficiency. Finally, we illustrate the practical importance of these two potentially offsetting factors in a simulation that considers consolidating Texas school districts to county‐level districts. We find that failure to consider the effect on competition can lead to large overestimates of the benefits of consolidation.     

Does the Private Sector Help or Hurt the Environment? Evidence from Carbon Dioxide Pollution in Developing Countries

How does the nature of enterprise ownership affect the environment in an economy? Conventional wisdom and theoretical conjectures are split on this important question. In this paper we estimate a reduced-form, random-effects model using data from 44 developing countries over nine years (1987–95) to study for any systematic empirical relationship between the relative level of private sector involvement in an economy and the environmental performance of the economy in terms of its emission of industrial carbon dioxide. We control for both observed and unobserved crosscountry heterogeneity along various institutional and structural dimensions such as the scope of financial market, industrial sector composition and level of foreign direct investment. The regression results indicate that the higher the degree of private sector involvement in a developing economy, the lower is its environmental degradation. In addition, its environmental degradation is likely to be further reduced in presence of a well-functioning domestic capital market and through increased participation by developed economies in its private sector development.     

经济中最优私有比重——经济体制改革的模型描述

文章通过构建混合寡头竞争博弈模型,在封闭经济、具有外来竞争者的封闭经济和开放经济情形下,证明经济中最优私有比重的存在性。模型假定随着私有化的深入,国有企业的生产边际成本会降低。基本结论是:(1)在封闭经济、具有外来竞争者的封闭经济和开放经济情形下,最优私有比重都是存在的;(2)在任意固定的私有比重下,存在最优关税;(3)在具有外来竞争者的封闭经济或者开放经济下,本国关税对本国企业起到了保护作用,随着关税的增加,本国企业的产量会增加,进口和市场产品总量会减少;(4)随着我国私有经济在经济总量中比例的增大,我国企业将向国外市场出口更多的产品,而且国外市场中的产品总量也随着我国私有化水平的提高越来越大。我们的结论可为我国政府进行经济体制改革提供一定的理论依据。     

Exploring the Structure of the Illegal Market for Cannabis

Summary This paper explores the middle and retail levels of the illegal market for cannabis in New Zealand using national household drug survey data. Those who reported purchasing half or full ounces of cannabis were defined as middle level market participants, while those who purchased smaller weights or merely used cannabis were defined as retail level participants. Those who had purchased cannabis were then further categorised as either cannabis ‘buyers’ (i.e. those who only purchased sufficient cannabis for their own consumption needs) or cannabis ‘dealers’ based on whether the surplus of cannabis they had, after their own personal consumption was deducted, exceeded the legal definition of cannabis dealing (i.e. possession of 28 g of cannabis or more). Nine per cent of those who had purchased cannabis in the previous year were categorised as middle level participants with 69% of these defined as middle level dealers and 31% as middle level buyers. Middle level cannabis dealers were projected to earn, on average, $2927 (NZD) net annual profit from selling surplus (rate of return of 34%). There was a wide variation in the projected net earnings of the middle level cannabis dealers with the majority earning only modest incomes (bottom 50% – $260 per year, top 10% – $25000 per year). Participants at all levels of the market commonly reported receiving cannabis for ‘free’ and this is likely to reflect the social sharing of cannabis during group consumption and non-cash payments for cannabis. This barter and gift giving tradition may provide cannabis users with a degree of insulation from any price increases for cannabis brought about by law enforcement activity. Cannabis selling creates a convenient source of income for heavy cannabis users to finance their own personal cannabis consumption, which may also dampen the impact of any rise in price brought about by law enforcement success.The 2003 HBS-Drug Use was funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Health and carried out as part of the Public Health Intelligence (PHI) Health Behaviours Survey Monitor. The statistical design for the 2003 survey was completed by Dr. Megan Pledger at SHORE, and by James L. Reilly from Statistical-Insights. The questionnaire was adapted and extended from the National Drug Survey questionnaire for the Health Behaviours programme by Dr. Chris Wilkins. Data collection was managed by Dr. Chris Wilkins, Rachael Lane, Joe Morley and Mary Blade. The statistical analysis of 2003 HBS-Drug Use was completed by Paul Sweetsur. The analysis in this paper was partly funded by the New Zealand Police.     

The value of gold as a reserve asset

An unresolved feature of the present international monetary system is the absence of any agreement, formal or informal, as to the appropriate price at which gold held as a reserve asset is to be valued. This omission has become increasingly evident in recent months as the market price of gold has surged to levels 10 times as high as the former official price. While the majority of countries continue to value gold at the former official price, an increasing number have adopted valuations based on the market price. The existing ambigous situation with respect to gold valuation is not a viable one and, if present trends continue, the likely result will be a de facto revaluation of gold reserves at the market price. The quantitative implications of this are enormous, for the effective level of world reserves doubles when gold is valued at the current market price. Such a revaluation of gold would have a large impact on the future evolution of the international monetary system and, in particular, would cast a considerable degree of doubt on the possibility of attaining the internationally agreed goal of making special drawing rights (SDR) the principal reserve asset. In addition, the distribution of the increased international liquidity which has resulted from the rise in the market price of gold has been highly uneven, since world gold reserves are concentrated in a very small number of countries. A number of other countries, notably the non-oil-exporting developing countries, have strong grounds for objecting to the fact that this large increase in international liquidity has occurred as a result of an effective revaluation of gold rather than via increased allocations of SDR.     

When do stable matching mechanisms fail? The role of standardized tests in Chinese college admissions

In this paper, we investigate matching problems where priorities and preferences are misaligned. In the case of centralized Chinese college admissions, students are matched based on their test scores in standardized tests, a noisy realization of their aptitudes due to measurement errors. We show that in this case any matching mechanism that is stable with respect to score is not stable with respect to aptitude. The resulting instability leads to colleges' incentive to participate in early admissions (zizhu zhaosheng), a form of market unraveling. However, a manipulable mechanism such as the Immediate Acceptance mechanism, combined with limited information about priorities, may succeed in mending this market failure. We then design and conduct a laboratory experiment where we compare the performance of two mechanisms (the Immediate Acceptance mechanism and the Deferred Acceptance mechanism), under two timing conditions of the submission of students' rank-ordered lists of colleges (before the exam and after the exam), using a two-stage matching market design with the possibility of early offers. In the experiment, a significant level of market unraveling occurred under mechanisms that are not stable with respect to aptitude, confirming theoretical predictions. We also find that the Immediate Acceptance mechanism under pre-exam submission condition significantly reduces such unraveling.     

China's grain marketing system reform in 1993–1994: empirical evidence from a rural household survey

By utilizing a rural household survey, this paper domonstrates the progress in China's grain marketing reform in 1993 and evaluates to what extent the reform was reversed in 1994. Specifically, we investigate the degree of commercialization, changes in state's contract procurement quota and changes in the marketing channels. Overall, the grain market has been liberalized to a very large extent. Participation of the private traders have already grown to a significant level, occupying more than one-third of the market share for wheat and rice and more than half for maize. For minor crops, the share of private traders were even bigger. Despite the reversal in 1994, the grain market was still very “open.” Counting all grain types, the state was controlling only about one-third of the marketed surplus. However, if the central leadership perceived any serious instability in the market for a certain grain, examples provided illustrate how the state's control could certainly be strengthened significantly.