论生产力的生产率测评制度缺陷与改进思考

在人类经济发展过程中,生产力与生产率的“二律背反”现象已日益引起人们的重视,其根源在于传统生产率测评制度在引导人类生产力发展过程中所存在的种种缺陷,文章在对这些缺陷形成的历史原因进行深入分析的基础上,就如何创建现代科学完善的生产率测评制度以引导人类生产力全面健康发展的问题进行了积极的探讨。     

信息技术、服务生产力与服务质量--面向企业--顾客开放生产体系的信息技术应用

服务业的一个重要特点是顾客参与服务生产,形成一种所谓的开放生产体系。因此信息技术在服务业的应用需树立企业———顾客的双重导向,兼顾双方的投入和产出,提高综合服务生产力,并进而从根本上提高服务质量。这是与制造业在封闭系统中进行技术创新和应用的一个重要区别,也是克服“生产力悖论”的一个突破方向。本文基于服务的特点,以服务的互动过程为主线,从互动过程的不同阶段探讨了信息技术对提高服务生产力和服务质量的作用方向,这对我国在信息经济时代实施大力发展服务业的战略举措具有一定的理论指导意义。     

国外有关服务生产力概念研究评述

从传统生产力概念的出现与理论演变出发 ,从服务生产力概念的理论探讨、服务质量与服务生产力、顾客与服务生产力等方面综述了服务生产力概念的产生与发展 ,并在此基础上对国外有关服务生产力概念的研究进行了分析与评价     

对服务生产力评价模式的探讨

顾客参与使服务生产的投入和产出质量都具有不确定性 ,考察服务生产力不能套用以数量为主的制造业生产力评价模式。在服务经济时代的大背景下 ,倡导新型的服务生产力评价模式对引导服务企业正确开展经营管理活动具有重要的意义。     

试论一般生产力到服务生产力的演进与测量

从一般生产力到服务生产力概念的演进是适应现实需要的产物，有其客观必然性；对生产力及服务生产力概念有一个较为清晰的界定，是服务生产力研究的前提；服务生产力的概念及其测量应综合考虑效率、效益、企业投入的资源以及顾客投入的资源等要素，其虽然从内涵等方面有别于传统生产力的概念，但也并未脱离基本的投入产出模式。     

企业服务生产力及其应用模型研究

生产力增长是衡量宏观经济发展、资源配置和企业资源利用效率的重要指标,但因为服务自身的特点,使服务生产力评价明显区别于传统生产力评价。文章以生产力内涵的扩展趋势为背景和相关研究的回顾,阐明了研究服务生产力概念性模型的学术意义、应用价值和主攻方向;进而在弃扬现有相关研究成果之不足和精华并考量服务分类适用性的基础上,研究提出了企业服务生产力模型;最后通过对搜寻型、体验型和信任型三大类服务生产力测量的比较研究,构建了服务分类基础上的企业服务生产力产出投入分析模型和服务分类基础上的企业服务生产力应用模型。     

关于生产力研究的几个问题

当代生产力是由基本要素和决定其实现程度的条件构成的系统。主体生产力———客观生产力———精神生产力是人类生产力发展的根本路线和规律。精神生产力 ,已经成为推动物质生产过程的最强大力量。而人则是一切生产力即物质生产力和精神生产力发展的决定者。     

服务生产力三论九说

由于服务生产与商品生产的本质性差异,服务生产力的界定成为学术界和实业界一大难题和热烈争论的课题。文章在大量汇集国内外相关资料并进行深入案头研究的基础上,把众说纷纭的服务生产力概念,归纳提炼为三论九说,并指明每种学说的应用背景和理论缺陷。     

刍议中小型服务企业的服务生产力

引入一个符合中小型服务企业现实特征的新服务生产力概念体系,从服务生产投入端内在效率、输出端外在有效性以及能力运用3个方面论证了影响中小型服务企业生产力的因素,并围绕中国中小型服务企业生产力的问题提出了基于新概念体系的建议。     

服务产品生产与消费过程的机理探析

服务产品生产与消费过程的机理问题是有关服务问题研究的基础性核心理论。服务产品的生产过程，是具有某种功能的由人力、物力和环境所组成的结构系统的建立和维持过程，也是“功能”向“作用”的转化过程。服务产品的消费过程，则是消费者对分时或分次“作用”的实际感受过程。服务产品的实际出售和实际购买过程在时空上是与服务产品的生产和消费过程同一相伴的。     

Productivity Dispersion and Measurement Error

Several reasons have been put forward to explain the high dispersion of productivity across establishments: quality of management, different input usage and market distortions, to name but a few. Although it is acknowledged that a sizable portion of productivity dispersion may also be due to measurement error, little research has been devoted to identifying how much they contribute. We outline a novel procedure for identifying the role of measurement error in explaining the empirical dispersion of productivity across establishments. The starting point of our framework is the errors-in-variable model consisting of a measurement equation and a structural equation for latent productivity. We estimate the variance of the measurement error and subsequently estimate the variance of the latent productivity variable, which is not contaminated by measurement error. Using Norwegian data on the manufacture of food products, we find that about one percent of the measured dispersion stems from measurement error.     

Rethinking Productivity: Why has Productivity Focussed on Labour Instead of Natural Resources?

The contribution of natural resources and ecosystems to economic processes still remains under-assessed by market evaluation and productivity analysis. Following the historical lines of the classical productivity debate ranging from the French Physiocrats to early neoclassical growth theories, the productivity concept underwent a gradual transformation from its previous understanding based on natural resources and other environmental factors to its contemporary narrow notion. This paper claims that the course of the classical debate has shaped the scope of predominant contemporary analysis. Except for some very recent findings, multifactor productivity largely focusses on a two-factor model. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) provides a useful step for widening the measurement and notion of productivity.     

Capacity utilization and technology shocks in the US manufacturing sector

The ability of real business cycle models to generate reasonable aggregate fluctuations depends on the time series properties of technology shocks measured by the change of total factor productivity. Three specifications of a non‐parametric productivity analysis which correct to different degrees for variations of capacity utilization are compared in this article using data for three‐ and four‐digit US manufacturing industries during the years 1958–1996. The results show that correcting for utilization generally leads to substantially smaller technology shocks that are less strongly correlated with growth of output and hours. Moreover, the probability of technological regress is considerably lower after the correction.     

Has Switzerland Really Been Marked by Low Productivity Growth? Hours Worked and Labor Productivity in Switzerland in a Long‐run Perspective

This paper shows that previous work has understated Switzerland's performance in terms of labor productivity growth. First, available data on hours worked are incoherent and overestimate growth in hours worked. The paper therefore establishes a consistent series of total hours worked and its components covering 1950–2010, showing that Swiss labor inputs actually were stable from 1964 to 2007. Second, long‐term improvements in Switzerland's Terms of Trade indicate that quality improvements in Swiss exports might not be fully mirrored in growth of GDP and, hence, productivity growth.     

Researcher rank stability across alternative output measurement schemes in the context of a time limited research evaluation: the New Zealand case

This article focuses on the stability of rankings of academics by research productivity in the context of short-term decision-making. In particular, the growing use of national research assessment exercises (NRAE) has increased interest in identifying the contributions of individual researchers to an assessment unit’s output and ranking. The article concentrates on the assessment of individuals using plausible journal ranking schemes. We find that despite statistical evidence of a high degree of stability across journal ranking schemes as indicated by rank correlation coefficients, the particular ranking scheme used is of great importance to individual researchers. This applies with particular force to academics working within a NRAE environment based on individual assessment such as New Zealand’s PBRF.     

消费升级、空间溢出与产业全要素生产率

为考察消费升级影响产业全要素生产率的程度及空间相关特征,本文基于中国1997—2017年间省级面板数据,利用半参数OP法测度了产业全要素生产率,引入空间权重矩阵,建立空间杜宾模型,测算了消费升级影响的直接效应和间接效应。结果表明,消费升级与产业全要素生产率具有明显的空间相关效应,并且地区间消费升级会促进产业全要素生产率的提升。消费升级具有显著的正向空间溢出效应,对服务业效率的促进作用总效应大于对工业的影响。进一步探究空间效应的差异发现,就时间变化而言,消费升级对工业效率的促进作用是显著增强,对服务业的影响随服务业发展而逐渐减弱；就地理位置而言,中西部地区对产业效率提升的直接效应大于东部地区,而对服务业的间接效应却呈现出由东向西逐渐递减的趋势。在更换空间权重矩阵后,以上结论依然稳健。     

Natural Resources and Missing Inputs in International Productivity Comparisons*

Standard theory for cross-country productivity comparisons assumes all countries use the same factor inputs in production. This assumption is violated when including natural resources, such as oil, gas and gold, because countries do not extract the full set of resources. In this paper we propose a solution by viewing it as a “missing goods” problem and assigning missing inputs a reservation price equal to the world resource price. We show that this has a substantial impact on relative productivity levels for countries heavily reliant on natural resources for generating their income. Under our new productivity measure, resource-rich countries are no longer uncommonly productive.     

A Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator: its relation to the Hicks-Moorsteen productivity index and the Luenberger productivity indicator

Summary. Introducing a new difference-based Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator, this contribution establishes theoretically its relations with some existing ratio- and difference-based productivity indexes and indicators. The first main result is an approximation proposition stating that the logarithm of the Hicks-Moorsteen productivity index is about equal to the Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator. Secondly, we also establish the specific conditions under which the Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen indicator equals the recently introduced Luenberger indicator and compare these to the conditions governing the relations between ratio-based Hicks-Moorsteen and Malmquist indices.Received: 2 May 2002, Revised: 19 May 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: C43, D21, D24.We are grateful for the most constructive remarks of a referee. Obviously, the authors remain solely responsible for any residual shortcomings. Correspondence to: W. Briec     

What determines productivity performance of telecommunications services industry? A cross-country analysis

This article investigates the key factors that determine the productivity performance of telecommunications services industry. A simple theoretical model is used to illustrate that the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth is attributable to the effects of scale economies, market competition and technical change. We then examine empirically the effect of various factors on the TFP growth in the industry using panel data in 12 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the period 1983 through 2003. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretical prediction. A new finding in this article is that higher machinery and equipment (M&E) capital intensity and human capital contribute to higher TFP growth in the telecommunications services industry. The decomposition analysis also suggests that technical change induced by changes in M&E capital intensity and human capital are important sources of productivity performance in the industry across the OECD countries, contributing to about 20–50% and 2–7% of TFP growth, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of improving the conditions for M&E capital investment and the quality of human capital, which in turn could facilitate the adoption of new technologies and enhance the productivity in the industry.