Optimal Choice of a Proximate Monetary Target in an Open Economy*

This paper investigates the implications of hitting a monetary target (rate of interest or money supply) in an open economy. The technique of linear optimal control is applied to a small open economy of the Australian economy. A feature of the model is the interrelationship between the monetary and open sectors which complicates the use of monetary policy. Four optimal control experiments are reported in detail. The results indicate that we should aim for a money-supply target rather than an interest-rate target and that some assistance from fiscal policy should be provided to monetary policy in order to achieve this target.     

基于MS-VECM模型的我国货币政策非对称研究与启示

通过建立马尔可夫区制转移误差修正模型（MS-VECM）模拟我国货币政策对经济的非对称影响,以此分析我国货币政策的有效性。根据经济波动幅度,将我国经济划分为高波动和低波动两个区制状态,经济增长波动剧烈的区制下向均衡状态调整速度快于经济波动幅度较低区制下的调整,论证了我国货币政策对经济的影响在不同区制下存在非对称性。并用模型对我国经济状况进行了模拟预测,利用这种非线性的模型能够很好地预测货币与产出增长关系,表明现阶段我国经济运行状态是一低波动区制下的正常回落,目前不宜出台强扩张性的货币政策刺激经济增长。     

脱虚向实背景下银行同业业务发展研究

近年来,我国商业银行同业业务不断创新,规模迅速扩张,在一定程度上缓解实体经济融资需求的同时,也造成了资金“脱实向虚”。本文基于银行同业业务发展的特点和风险,运用TVP VAR模型研究银行同业业务创新如何造成了“脱实向虚”,同业业务对“量”更敏感还是对“价”更敏感,以及如何引导资金“脱虚向实”。研究结论表明：现阶段的商业银行同业业务规避了金融监管,弱化了货币政策调控效果,造成了资金“脱实向虚”。同时同业业务发展提高了利率的敏感性和传导作用,对于同业业务,货币政策价格型调控更为有效;对于实体经济,货币政策数量型调控更为有效。     

F.A. von Hayeks theorie der geldwirtschaft in neuerer sicht

This essay tries to reconstruct the analytical framework of F.A. von Hayek's theory of a monetary economy. In Hayek's analysis the concept of neutral money only serves to determine a point of reference which is derived from a model of ideal barter. According to Hayek's programme monetary theory should develope by giving up the implicite analogy to a barter economy and by analysing instead a monetary economy as a phenomenon of its own.The approach of the new classical macroeconomics is critically examined from this point of view. It is shown that the coordination of plans and expectations implied by this approach is incompatible with decentralized monetary transactions. This type of model therefore does not stand up to the demands formulated in Hayek's programme.     

A model of a small open economy integrated in a monetary union

This paper develops a model of a small open economy integrated in a monetary union, which is a nontrivial technical extension of the existing small open economy model. The model is used to study the monetary transmission mechanism in Portugal.     

固定汇率体系下的货币政策:对未来中国货币政策的探讨

Using a macro dynamic model that is specified for the current Chinese economy, we investigate the monetary policy in China under the assumption that the capital market was “open” under WTO frame-work while the exchange rate was fixed. Our purpose here is to find whether it is possible for China in this case to keep the effective monetary policy for stabilizing the domestic economy. For this, we suggest some institutional arrangements (or restrictions). Given these institutional restrictions, we find that not only the monetary policy can still be effective but also the fixed exchange regime will strengthen the macroeconomic stability shared by both the domestic economy and the economy of its trade partners. The dynamic analysis of the model further shows that the under-valued RMB is necessary for the target exchange rate to be sustainable. Finally, due to the import pattern of the current Chinese economy, RMB appreciation will not help to resolve the trade deficit problem in the Western economy with respect to China.      

Sectoral labor adjustment and monetary policy in a small open economy

This paper studies the welfare implications of sectoral labor adjustment cost in a two-sector small open economy model with sticky prices. We find that, when the economy faces external shocks, if monetary policy can stabilize the real economy, then sectoral labor market adjustment cost will lead to welfare loss. However, if monetary policy such as fixed exchange rates cannot stabilize real variables, then some degree of labor market friction will improve welfare instead and the gain will be significant. As a result, the welfare gap between flexible exchange rates and fixed exchange rates decreases with sectoral labor market friction. This is because the friction can offset some of the nominal rigidity and become a substitute for monetary policy to stabilize the real economy.     

Is US Monetary Growth a Leading Indicator of Australian Monetary Growth?

For an open economy the existence of internationally integrated goods and capital markets implies the country's monetary growth may be considerably influenced by fluctuations in international monetary circumstances. Theoretical literature exists which suggests US monetary growth may be catalytic in determining world monetary growth in general and the monetary growth of smaller. dependent economies in particular. In this paper , prima facie Australian statistical evidence is found which is consistent with this postulate. The lag in the association is identified and a model specified and estimated. A post-sample validation period supports and strengthens the within-sample results .     

Can trade openness affect the monetary transmission mechanism?

This paper explores how trade openness influences the monetary transmission mechanism. The theoretical analysis develops an open economy New Keynesian model that features one‐way offshoring from an advanced economy to a less developed one. The model suggests that greater openness to regular trade or to offshoring reduces the effect of monetary policy on domestic economies, although these two influences affect the monetary transmission mechanism via different channels. The empirical section estimates an interacted‐panel VAR model with U.S. industry data and confirms that greater exposure to regular trade or to offshoring significantly reduces the effect of monetary policy.     

Asset-return anomalies in a monetary economy

This paper provides a general equilibrium, choice theoretic, spatial model which explains the preference for holding barren money rather than interest-bearing securities or capital goods. Put somewhat differently, it examines standard asset pricing relationships in the context of a fully articulated monetary economy and delivers various asset-return anomalies. In seeking to integrate the theory of value with the theory of money, a fairly general proof of the existence of a monetary equilibrium is provided.     

央行货币政策操作效果非对称性实证研究

货币政策操作效果的对称与非对称性研究,近年来在国外金融界十分关注。研究表明:紧缩性货币政策与扩张性货币政策在抑制经济过热和治理经济衰退的效果上存在极大的差异,并且,不同国家和地区的货币政策运用效果及特点也有明显差别。KimD .H .( 2 0 0 2 )使用Hanmilton( 2 0 0 1 )提出的浮动法,分析了美国的货币政策。他得出的结论认为,1 979年前美国货币政策具有显著的非线性特征,即效果不对称,而在其后这一特征则不够明显。Bruinshoofd和Candelon( 2 0 0 4)使用STR模型和LM统计量检验了欧洲几个国家的货币政策效力,却得出与美国几乎相反的结论。那么,我国的货币政策操作效果是否具有对称性,目前还未见到相关的报道。本文采用LSTR模型和LM检验统计量,对此问题进行了深入细致的探讨。研究结果表明:在1 993年第1季度至2 0 0 4年第2季度期间,我国货币政策操作在效果上表现出明显的非对称性,具有很强的非线性特征。     

MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY EFFICIENCY AND COORDINATION IN A MULTI‐SECTOR OPEN‐ECONOMY GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL

The paper analyzes monetary and fiscal stabilization and coordination in a multi‐sector stochastic new open economy macroeconomics (NOEM) model. It first aims to assess the capacity of fiscal and monetary policy to reduce or eliminate the negative welfare effects of an unanticipated productivity shock affecting some or all of the sectors in each country. Second, it evaluates the possible gains from international monetary cooperation as well as the impact of active fiscal policy on the welfare performance of monetary policy. The setup also allows for international asymmetry concerning the uncertainty over the shocks. The results show that monetary and fiscal policies are efficient tools of stabilization and under several conditions they can replicate the flexible‐price equilibrium. However, their welfare performance is not necessarily increased when both monetary and fiscal policies react to shocks at the national level. The existence of bilateral gains from monetary cooperation depends on the degree of asymmetry concerning the uncertainty over the shocks.     

Optimal Monetary Policy

Optimal monetary policy maximizes the welfare of a representative agent, given frictions in the economic environment. Constructing a model with two sets of frictions—costly price adjustment by imperfectly competitive firms and costly exchange of wealth for goods—we find optimal monetary policy is governed by two familiar principles. First, the average level of the nominal interest rate should be sufficiently low, as suggested by Milton Friedman, that there should be deflation on average. Yet, the Keynesian frictions imply that the optimal nominal interest rate is positive. Second, as various shocks occur to the real and monetary sectors, the price level should be largely stabilized, as suggested by Irving Fisher, albeit around a deflationary trend path. Since expected inflation is roughly constant through time, the nominal interest rate must therefore vary with the Fisherian determinants of the real interest rate. Although the monetary authority has substantial leverage over real activity in our model economy, it chooses real allocations that closely resemble those which would occur if prices were flexible. In our benchmark model, there is some tendency for the monetary authority to smooth nominal and real interest rates.     

中国货币政策绩效的短期分析与预测

根据对经济的不同作用,货币政策可分为紧缩的货币政策和宽松的货币政策。在过去的6年里,中国的货币政策一直处于相对稳健的状态。中国经济之所以取得了持续稳定的增长,就是因为实施了稳健的货币政策。通过对2004年中国经济金融形势的回顾及对货币政策及其工具的实施效果的分析,我们判断,在2005年或今后的一段时间里,我国将继续实行稳健的货币政策。     

Ein Vierteljahres-Modell des Geld- und Kreditsektors Österreichs

Summary This study presents an econometric analysis of the monetary sector of the Austrian economy. The main focus of interest lies in the money and credit markets. We specify nine behavioral equations for the money demand sector, for the commercial banks, for the credit market, and for the bonds market, respectively. Great emphasis is put on the analogous specification of theoretically related equations; these are estimated on a quarterly basis. In order to obtain unbiased estimates we use two-stage-least-squares as estimation technique. All behavioral equations are based on a partial adjustment process. We try to avoid the concept of exogenous money supply and a monetary base completely controlled by the monetary authorities; specifications based on these concepts do not stand up against examination by simultaneous estimation methods.Another important feature of the model lies in the explicit inclusion of the main instruments of monetary authorities into the analysis. We try to show possible influences of these instruments on the monetary sector by means of the model's reduced form and by means of simulation experiments. We also report some preliminary results on the transmission process which can be obtained by combination of the monetary model with a model of the real sector of the Austrian economy. In order to evaluate the forecasting properties of the model we calculate ex post and ex ante forecast errors. In general, the results of this test are satisfactory.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand im wesentlichen während der Jahre 1976/77 am Institut für Höhere Studien. Ich danke allen meinen damaligen Kollegen für ihre vielfältige Hilfe. Dank schulde ich gleichfalls einem anonymen Referee für eine Reihe wesentlicher Verbesserungsvorschläge.     

An empirical investigation of monetary interaction in the Korean economy

This paper conducts an econometric investigation of monetary interaction in the Korean economy over the past two decades. The study pays close attention to a critical role played by broad money and an interest rate term spread in the economy. A vector autoregression reveals two cointegrating relationships, both of which are consistent with macroeconomic theory: the first relationship corresponds to a broad money demand function, while the second represents a monetary policy rule function. The cointegrated system is then reduced to a vector equilibrium correction system, which characterizes the interaction between money demand and monetary policy rule. It is also demonstrated that the preferred model is a reliable forecasting device, suggesting that the broad money contains information about the real economy in the future.     

Macroeconomic Effects of Asset‐Price Shocks in a Globalized Financial Market

In this paper, I study a model in which shocks to asset prices affect the real sector of the economy through a credit channel. As financial markets become internationally integrated, the economy becomes less vulnerable to domestic asset‐price shocks, but more vulnerable to foreign asset‐price shocks. To the extent that monetary policy stabilization is feasible and desirable, the globalization of financial markets shifts the focus of monetary policy from domestic asset prices to worldwide asset prices.     

Monetary Policy Rules for a Small Open Economy

In this paper, the optimal choice of a monetary target is investigated for a small open economy that is subject to foreign monetary policy shocks. In contrast to large parts of the literature, pegging the exchange rate is never the best policy choice for the small open economy in our model. Instead, monetary targeting and, depending on the parameter combination, producer price index targeting come closest to the optimal policy rule in terms of welfare. Generally, the welfare performance of the simple targeting rules under consideration hinge critically on the degree of pass-through in the home economy and in the rest of the world.     

Global financial crisis as a phenomenon of stock market overshooting

Inspired by Dornbusch’s model of exchange rate overshooting we develop a theory of stock market behaviour and its impact on the real economy. The idea is that stock market prices overshoot and undershoot their long-run equilibrium values which are determined by the development in the real economy. The overshooting is triggered primarily by a loose monetary policy. With our model we explain the genesis of the global financial crisis (GFC) 2008/2009 primarily as the result of a loose monetary policy in the USA. Following the overshooting and crash in the stock market the real economy dropped into a recession. After modelling the interaction of three markets with different speed of adjustment—money, stocks and goods—for a closed economy we expand it to an open economy and lastly study the spillovers of a financial market crisis between countries (from a large to a small country) by introducing the transmission channels of external trade or cross-border financial transactions. A long-lasting monetary easing as exhibiting by the Fed and the ECB since 2007 and 2008, respectively could—according to our model—generate another boom-bust cycle.