监管与创新：一对矛盾体——高盛“欺诈门”事件的启示

金融创新与金融监管二者之间是一对天生的孪生兄弟,没有金融监管制约的金融创新势必会带来灾难和不幸。金融创新也须臾离不开金融监管,否则一些虚假的金融创新不仅不会提高金融效率,反而会导致金融风险的急剧增加     

中国的重大矛盾

摩根士丹利全球首席经济师史蒂芬.罗奇(Stephen S.Roach)认为:中国的形象受"13亿现象"的影响,常被宏观笼统化.这样做的结果导致人们忽略了阐释中国改革和发展的基本张力--即宏观与微观、以及北京与全国超级增长地区之间的角力.如何协调这个矛盾将是对中国经济进行有效管理和诊断的关键.     

Resource Accounting and NHS Trusts

The introduction of capital charges into the National Health Service (NHS) was part of the movement to reflect the use of resources to deliver public sector services rather than simply report cash flows. At the time of its introduction, it was justified with reference to what was deemed to be private sector 'good practice'. This article discusses the underlying principles, examines the practical implications of this dogma and seeks to separate the rhetoric from reality.     

The NHS Financial Manager in 2010

In the White Paper, 'The New NHS' (Cm 3807), the competitive nature of the internal market was removed and annual contracts were replaced with long-term service agreements to facilitate best value. Using the findings from earlier research studies, the implications for NHS financial managers are discussed in this article. Financial managers have a major task in maintaining financial stability in the move from one financial regime to another. Improving budget devolution to Primary Care Groups and encouraging good financial planning and control are essential. Financial managers must develop and integrate reliable cost information into the wider performance framework.     

NHS purchasing and the supply council

The Defence budget is over‐stretched. The scope for greater efficiency is large, but only radical and unpalatable action ‐ possibly at the expense of the UK defence‐industry ‐ can produce enough savings in existing programmes.     

利率市场化与资金逐利性之间的矛盾及化解

在利率管制条件下,由于全国的存款利率是统一的,在国内任何一个地区、任何一家银行存款,其收益都是一样的,银行存款资金的逐利特点无法充分表现。利率市场化以后,资金的逐利特点将可尽情表现,给百姓存款带来更多的选择,也给宏观经济和银行的经营管理带来更多的难题。     

Complexity, concentration and contagion

This paper develops a network model of interbank lending in which unsecured claims, repo activity and shocks to the haircuts applied to collateral assume centre stage. We show how systemic liquidity crises of the kind associated with the interbank market collapse of 2007–2008 can arise within such a framework, with funding contagion spreading widely through the web of interlinkages. Our model illustrates how greater complexity and concentration in the financial network may amplify this fragility. The analysis suggests how a range of policy measures – including tougher liquidity regulation, macro-prudential policy, and surcharges for systemically important financial institutions – could make the financial system more resilient.     

External Audit Fee Levels in NHS Trusts

This article discusses the external auditing regime of NHS trusts and analyses the fees charged by their auditors. It adapts approaches developed in the private sector to investigate audit fees paid by NHS trusts and finds that, while similar factors are associated with the audit fees of trusts, there is no evidence of a 'Big 6' premium and trust audit fees are significantly lower than those of similar private sector organizations. Explanations for this are sought in the different natures of public and private sector audits, which indicate that differences in fees might be anticipated in the public sector, especially with the presence of a quasi-regulator in the form of the Audit Commission.     

Complexity and the limits to knowledge

Economies are systems in which the macroscopically observable quantities emerge from the effects of interactions amongst the individual constituents of the system. They exhibit key features of complex systems: short-term non-predictability, emergent properties and multiple possible histories.The conventional approach to the control of the economy at the aggregate level requires the ability to both make reasonably accurate predictions of what will happen in the future in the absence of policy changes and have a reasonably accurate understanding of the impact of policy changes on the economy.Neither of these is the case. There are inherent reasons why the ability to forecast with any reasonable degree of accuracy over time is severely limited, and why the ability to extract information from aggregate time-series data about the ways in which economic variables interact is also restricted.The implication is not that governments should do nothing. The actions of governments clearly do have consequences, for better or for worse. But the conventional way of thinking, which requires a world which behaves like a dependable machine, needs to be abandoned.     

Comparing NHS Hospital Unit Costs

Efforts to improve the efficiency of the hospital sector in the National Health Service (NHS) have concentrated on measuring the unit costs of service provision. Hospitals identified as having high unit costs are considered poor performers. Several indices have been constructed to measure unit costs. These produce conflicting messages: hospitals with relatively high unit costs as measured using one index may have low unit costs according to another index. Furthermore, the publication of cost information may lead to unintended consequences and perverse behaviour, rather than genuine performance improvements. To get a more accurate picture of performance, cost information should be included within a broader performance assessment framework for hospitals.     

Costing a Secure NHS Network

Much debate has surrounded the development of computer networks in the National Health Service (NHS), particularly in connection with perceived threats to the confidentiality of patient records. Cryptography has been proposed as a means of protecting such information although significant costs are involved, not simply because modifications have to be made to existing computer equipment and software, but because of new administrative overheads. There is a danger that the complexities of implementation, and the costs which derive from them, will be under-estimated. Lessons should be applied from previous IT projects in the NHS, in which initial vagueness in definitions of scope and cost were identified as one of a number of factors likely to contribute to project failure.     

智慧金融与金融云计算

本文分析了我国金融信息化所处的发展阶段及其特点,介绍了智慧金融和金融云计算的基本概念及其它们之间的关系,通过支付宝快捷支付和阿里云计算的案例分析,介绍第三方电子支付企业如何利用云计算技术进行电子支付服务模式创新。针对云计算服务的数据即服务（DaaS）,初步提出了金融数据资源的五层次模型以及对应的金融信息服务模式,并对上海发展金融数据信息服务产业提出了建议。     

Loose coupling in asset management systems in the NHS

This paper aims to identify whether the components of a loose-coupled system were present in the asset management systems of the National Health Service (NHS) in Wales and, if so, whether this had a negative impact. By utilising a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with senior officials at two NHS Hospital Trusts together with the findings of a survey of all of the Hospital Trusts in Wales, we conclude that the asset management system of the NHS in Wales exhibits the features of a loosely coupled system with detrimental consequences. Where information on capital assets has been required below board level, lower management relies on local systems, while the information for senior managers and political leaders relies on the management accounting system and ad hoc enquiries. The result has been an impairment of the ability of lower management to reconfigure capital assets which leads to the nation's health service underperforming.     

Fire Sales in a Model of Complexity

We present a model of financial crises that stem from endogenous complexity. We conceptualize complexity as banks' uncertainty about the financial network of cross exposures. As conditions deteriorate, cross exposures generate the possibility of a domino effect of bankruptcies. As this happens, banks face an increasingly complex environment since they need to understand a greater fraction of the financial network to assess their own financial health. Complexity dramatically amplifies banks' perceived counterparty risk, and makes relatively healthy banks reluctant to buy risky assets. The model also features a novel complexity externality.     

New development: Complexity and rhetoric in social impact investment

ABSTRACT

Existing public policy approaches to the social impact investment market take a linear view of both social innovation and economic markets. This article analyses the rhetoric of the market to explain both the persistence of a linear view and its inadequacy for dealing with the complexity of bridging social and financial goals. It then outlines complexity-sensitive theories of social innovation and economic markets and their import for social impact investing.     

Chaos,Complexity and Transformations in Social Care Policy in England

The concepts of chaos and complexity theory can be used to describe change in policy systems. This article does so for social care policy in England from 1981. The author shows the imprecise nature of policy action and the instabilities and fluctuations of social care markets. The growing importance of individualism and independence for older people will increasingly influence the future social care policy system.     

Extended Viewpoint: Achieving Democratic Potential in the NHS

'Zones' are closely defined localities which have special status in terms of recent Government initiatives. This article begins by examining the early stages of the Education Action Zone (EAZ) initiative which was launched in 1998, and the policy context into which it fits. It offers a critique of the selection processes used in the first round of applications for EAZ status, and an account of LEA responses to the changes introduced for the second round of zones. The article concludes by identifying a series of tensions, problems and paradoxes which lie at the heart of the initiative-problems which may not have been solved by the revised application procedures.