货币需求稳定性、货币目标制与中国货币政策框架改革

稳定的货币需求是货币目标制有效发挥作用的前提条件。文章首先从理论上阐述了货币需求与货币目标制的内在关联。其次,基于协整理论与误差修正模型,利用1996-2011年季度数据实证检验了中国货币需求函数的稳定性。实证研究结果表明,中国长期货币需求函数和短期货币需求函数的系数都缺乏稳定性。货币需求函数的不稳定势必增加中国以货币供应量为中间目标的货币政策操作难度,从而导致现行货币目标制的有效性和适宜性不断降低。最后提出为提高货币政策框架的有效性,中国应择机引入通胀目标制。     

A Framework for Independent Monetary Policy in China

As the Chinese economy becomes more market based and continuesits rapid integration into the global economy, having an independentand effective monetary policy regime oriented to domestic objectiveswill become increasingly important. Employing modern principlesof monetary policy in light of the current state of China'sfinancial institutions, we motivate and present a package ofproposals to guide the operation of a new monetary policy regime.Specifically, we recommend an explicit low long-run inflationobjective, operational independence for the People's Bank ofChina (PBC) with formal strategic guidance from the government,and a minimal set of financial sector reforms (to make the Chinesebanking system robust against interest rate fluctuations). Weargue that anchoring monetary policy with an explicit inflationobjective would be the most reliable way for the PBC to tiedown inflation expectations, and thereby enable monetary policyto make the best contribution to macroeconomic and financialstability, as well as economic growth. The management and monitoringof money (and credit) growth by the PBC would continue to playa useful role in the stabilization of inflation, but a moneytarget would not constitute a good stand-alone nominal anchor.(JEL codes: E5 and P2)     

我国货币政策调控体系：一个新的分析框架

货币政策的本质是通过改变实体经济中（广义）货币供应量的大小来影响商品市场的价格和经济主体的行为。因此,货币政策体系的研究重点是讨论央行如何通过具体的货币政笨操作来影响实体经济中货币供应量的大小。本文从两类货币发行机构这个新的视角出发,重点讨论了我国基础货币发行的特点和历史沿革、广义货币的决定、同业市场、数量调控和价格调控、我国货币政策调控体系的缺陷及改革方向。     

The Problem of the Monetary Realization of Profits in a Post Keynesian Sequential Financing Model: Two solutions of the Kaleckian option

In a Post Keynesian theoretical framework with sequential financing, two solutions to the problem of the monetary realization of profits are presented. Both of these are consistent with the Kaleckian view, according to which actual profits arise from the present expenditure of their anticipated amount. These two solutions form the basis for a theoretical reconsideration of the relationships among the creation of money, consumption, savings and investment.     

货币化率的直接测算及土地与住房的货币化—中国经济改革中的货币化进程再思考

值改革开放四十周年之际,作为我国经济发展的一条重要主线,对Yi(1991)提出的"中国经济改革过程中的货币化进程"问题进行再考察,较科学地测算我国改革开放初期的货币化率,并对现阶段仍存在的"M2消失之谜"进行更深入的研究,是非常有必要的.前者有利于总结我国过去货币化进程的经验教训,对正处在狭义货币化进程中的亚非拉"一带一路"沿线发展中国家具有较强的借鉴意义;后者则有助于理解我国当前的货币创造、货币政策以及资源"脱实向虚"的重要原因.如果学术界不能为我国货币化率测算的核心难题提供一个较准确清晰的答案,那么就很难给上述国家现阶段的货币化进程提供实质性建议.为此,文章初步解决了货币化率直接测算遗留的难题,并分析了"M2消失之谜"的形成原因及其对实体经济的影响.理论测算表明,我国的货币化率在1952年和1978年分别约为31.7%和42.0%,到1993年基本达到100%;货币化率的年均增速则可分为三个阶段:1952?1960年为4.7%?6.1%,1961?1977年为?0.7%?1.2%,1978?1992年为6.0%?6.7%.文章还发现,剔除狭义货币化因素后,我国M2的平均流速仍在逐年下降,说明现阶段我国经济的"货币流速下降之谜"和"高货币化之谜"并未消失,实证分析表明土地与住房的商品化和货币化可能是一个新的重要因素.经济危机后,我国过多的金融资源流向了房地产市场,这暗示土地与住房的过度货币化可能对实体经济造成了伤害.     

The BMW Model: A New Framework for Teaching Monetary Economics

Abstract: Although the IS/LM-AS/AD model is still the central tool of macroeconomic teaching in most macroeconomic textbooks, it has been criticized by several economists. Colander (1995) demonstrated that the framework is logically inconsistent, Romer (2000) showed that it is unable to deal with a monetary policy that uses the interest rate as its operating target, and Walsh criticized that it is not well suited for an analysis of inflation targeting. The authors present a framework that develops the Romer approach into a very simple but, at the same time, comprehensive macroeconomic model. In spite of its simplicity, it can carry the main insights of the New Keynesian macroeconomics to an intermediate level and deal with issues like inflation targeting, monetary policy rules, and central bank credibility.     

论我国货币政策框架的选择

货币政策的中介目标选择是货币政策框架中的一个重要环节。货币供应量作为我国货币政策的中介目标，其近年来的实践情况受到了人们的广泛关注。本文以国际上主要的货币政策框架为背景，在阐述信誉度是货币政策框架成功的核心的基础上，展开对中国货币政策框架选择的讨论。     

中国货币政策评价:一个分析框架

1994年,中国人民银行开始把基础货币和货币供应量作为监测目标,确定了三个层次的货币供应量指标,并按季度向社会公布执行情况。1998年取消了对国有商业银行多年来的贷款规模控制,央行宏观调控转为主要调控货币供应量,并灵活运用利率、再贴现、公开市场操作等间接货币政策工具。     

Inflation Targeting as a Framework for Monetary Policy: A Cross-Country Analysis

This study makes use of a dynamic Taylor‐type model to examine the conduct of monetary policy by central banks that profess to engage in inflation targeting. Previous research regarding inflation targeting and Taylor‐type rules is reviewed and a dynamic Taylor‐type model is developed. Tests for regime shifts upon the adoption of inflation targeting indicate a significant change in policy in each of the nations in the study for which sufficient data were available. Next, the central bank reaction functions were estimated. Results suggest that most of the central banks conducted a policy of inflation targeting by seeking to contain inflationary pressures rather than reacting to current inflation.     

论住房分配货币化

实行住房分配货币化,是当前住房制度改革的核心。国务院提出从１９９８年下半年起,在全国停止住房实物分配,实行住房分配货币化。停止的时间和改革的办法由各地在全国统一政策指导下自行决定。大连市经过相当充分的准备,于１９９９年６月上旬制定了改革办法,定于７月１日起实行。住房分配货币化问题,引起人们的热切关注     

住房分配货币化的风险与抉择

一、住房改革遇到的困难及其原因有两个方面可以确定无疑地证明 ,过去 2 0年中住房改革已经取得了巨大成绩。一是城镇居民的住房条件有了根本性的改善 ,人均占有的住房面积从过去的不足 4平方米提高到 1 2平方米以上 ,而且住房本身内在的质量提高程度还不止 2倍 ;二是城镇居民的消费观念已经发生了实质性的转变 ,绝大多数人认识到 ,住房迟早会完全进入市场 ,住房消费肯定会成为家庭支出中最大的项目之一。但是 ,同样从这两个方面来看 ,住房改革的不足也显而易见。 80年代以来人均国民收入增长了将近 4倍 ,住房条件的改善显然还没有达到同样…     

应对资产价格波动的货币政策选择与均衡框架构建

资本市场的快速发展,使资产价格波动与货币政策效果之间的关联性不断加大.货币政策是否应当和应该如何对资产价格波动作出反应,多年来吸引了众多学者和货币政策制定者的高度关注.综合已有的理论实践和我国货币政策操作的现实,虽然目前资产价格还不具备作为我国货币政策独立调控目标的条件,但是有必要将其作为货币调控的辅助监测指标纳入中央银行货币政策操作的视野.央行应尽快建立与资产价格监测相关的指标体系,形成考虑资产价格波动因素的货币政策传导机制,构建均衡实体经济与虚拟经济的货币政策操作框架.     

我国货币政策传导的阻滞与疏通:一个分析框架

货币政策是否有效,取决于货币政策传导渠道是否畅通.我国的货币政策传导渠道是通过银行信贷市场和资本市场,将货币供给转化为扩大投资、刺激消费和推动经济增长的动力.近几年来我国"稳健"货币政策形成的货币供给增量在银行信贷传导渠道与资本市场传导渠道中发生了"吸附"与"沉淀",导致货币政策传导阻滞和实施效果远不尽如人意.要疏通我国货币政策传导,必须抑制货币政策传导渠道中的货币"吸附"与"沉淀".     

基于金融稳定的货币政策框架修正研究

文章构造了一个四期二叉树模型,对货币稳定和金融稳定的关系进行了分析,发现仅以维护货币稳定为目标的货币政策无法同时实现金融稳定。基于此,文章对货币政策框架进行了修正,将货币稳定和金融稳定纳入统一的货币政策框架予以考察,并对我国货币政策的实践进行了实证分析。VAR检验结果表明,银行信贷增长率和房地产价格指数都是我国货币政策应当关注的金融稳定指标。货币政策应根据金融稳定指标进行逆周期调控,调控重点是金融稳定指标预期,而非稳定指标本身。     

The COVID-19 Pandemic in a Monetary Schumpeterian Model

In this paper, following Blanchard and Fischer (1989), I investigate how the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic—the increase in the probability of death—may affect growth and welfare in a scale-invariant R&D-based Schumpeterian model. Without money, the increase in the probability of death has no effect on long-run growth and a negative effect on welfare. By contrast, when money is introduced via the cash-in-advance (CIA) constraint on consumption, the increase in the probability of death decreases long-run growth and welfare under elastic labor supply. Calibration shows that the quantitative effect of an increase in the probability of death on welfare is much larger compared to that on growth.     

Monetary Stabilisation Policy in a Monetary Union: Some Simple Analytics

We do two things in this paper. First, we look at some simple models of monetary decision making in a monetary union and ask how much more variable a country's output and inflation is likely to be if it joins the union. We answer this analytically and then go on to 'calibrate' the simple model. The model has few structural equations, but it is useful in allowing us to examine how the variability of output and inflation are likely to change as key parameters change. Our conclusions on this front are likely to be sensitive to model specification. However, we also identify a second best issue concerning the optimal make–up of the monetary union which is likely to be more robust: namely that only when all members of the union have the same structural parameter values (and shocks are perfectly correlated) will it be optimal for a new member to have these same structural parameter values.