美国信息产业发展战略对我国的启示与借鉴

20世纪90年代以来,以通信、计算机及软件产业为主体的信息产业凭借其惊人的增长速度成长为当今美国最重要的战略性产业。美国信息产业的快速发展与实施成功的产业发展战略是密不可分的。美国是世界上制定国家信息产业战略最早、颁布国家信息产业政策最多的国家。研究美国信息产业的发展战略(如战略目标、战略措施等),对我国制定信息产业发展计划、加快信息产业快速发展具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Competition policy vs. industrial policy as a growth strategy

ABSTRACT

This paper shows that competition policy, rather than industrial policy, generated the rapid economic growth in post-war Japan. It also reveals that Japan’s growth rate was lowered from the mid-1970s due to newly introduced industrial policies and paucity of further competition policy. The current Abe government recognises the need for competition policies in Japan to recover from the low-growth period. The paper describes the types of competition policy carried out under Abenomics, especially in National Strategic Special Zones.Abbreviations: METI: Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry NSSZ: National Strategic Special Zones     

从我国纺织品竞争优势看纺织品产业结构升级——以美国纺织品产业结构升级为比较

进入后配额时代的纺织品面临巨大的挑战，屡屡遭受打击．本文以纺织品竞争优势为立足点进行分析，并以美国纺织产业升级作比较。指出由我国纺织品竞争优势的不足，分析其原因，促进纺织品的产业结构升级。     

Clusters,industrial policy and firm strategy

Increasingly, govemments and firms take clusters of related business as a starting point to formulate policies and strategies, which aim at enhancing innovation. There appear, however, to be quite some different conceptions of what clusters are, In the first part of this paper and attempt is made to clarify the cluster concept by defining the relevant dimensions of clusters. In the second part, each of these dimensions is related to possible industrial policies and firm strategies. Practical illustrations will be given from different European countries and firms. The dimensions and related policies and strategies form a menu of possibilities from which actors can choose those elements that are most relevant for their specific situation. Thus, tailor-made policies and strategies can be devised and implemented.     

Clusters, industrial policy and firm strategy

Increasingly, govemments and firms take clusters of related business as a starting point to formulate policies and strategies, which aim at enhancing innovation. There appear, however, to be quite some different conceptions of what clusters are, In the first part of this paper and attempt is made to clarify the cluster concept by defining the relevant dimensions of clusters. In the second part, each of these dimensions is related to possible industrial policies and firm strategies. Practical illustrations will be given from different European countries and firms. The dimensions and related policies and strategies form a menu of possibilities from which actors can choose those elements that are most relevant for their specific situation. Thus, tailor-made policies and strategies can be devised and implemented.     

International asymmetric R&;D rivalry and industrial strategy

Profit-sharing licensing is quite a common business practice. In a Cournot duopoly model, we showed that if not subject to any restrictions this kind of technology for equity deal would lead to a decline in industry output and hurt consumers. To avoid the industry output contraction and protect the interests of consumers, the government can intervene in licensing by requiring that the profit-sharing rate specified by a licensing contract should not exceed the percentage difference of involved firms’ equilibrium outputs before licensing.     

中国大飞机产业链拆分与技术策略

中国在经过多年的专家论证后决定大飞机研制走自主创新之路,本文认为自主创新并不排斥国际合作,并且国际合作有加快研发速度和节约研发成本的优势.因此,本文试图通过产业链拆分对大飞机制造技术进行分类,以此探寻各个环节合适的技术策略,便于中国在最短的时期内利用最少的成本研制出具有自主知识产权的大飞机.     

E-Government as an anti-corruption strategy

This paper estimates the impact of e-government on the “control of corruption” indicator using a panel of 149 countries with two time observations (). The first differenced estimator yields a positive and economically interesting effect. By the most conservative estimate, moving from the 10th percentile to the 90th percentile in the e-government distribution implies a reduction in corruption equivalent to moving from the 10th percentile to the 23rd percentile in the control of corruption distribution. Invoking external instruments, IV results are (statistically) similar.     

A challenge of integrating technology foresight and assessment in industrial strategy development and policymaking

Appropriate demand articulation of emerging technologies to social needs are vital to the economic and social productivity, and it is essential to grasp the future trends of social needs and technology advancement to promote the strategic technology policy. Japan embarked on technology foresight in the early 1970s and has since been conducting a regular Delphi survey approximately every 5 years. To explore a new intelligent methodology for integrating technological seeds and social needs by articulating future demands, this paper reviews the following two cases: the Delphi-scenario writing (DSW) method, which is applied in 1977 for the home/office small facsimile, and the method of general assessment applied in 1972 for informationalization, which focused on the rapidly advancing information society, with a matrix scoring and policy-simulation method. Those new approaches were proved to be a powerful methodology to integrate the technology forecasting and assessment for comprehensive understanding of the emerging technologies and their social impacts in the form of integrated technology road mapping, which supports the integrated strategic planning methodology for enhancing the future innovation system.     

Cross-national and cross-industrial comparison of two strategy approaches for global industrial evolution

This research focuses on analyzing the two prime science and technology (S&T) strategy approaches for industrial evolution based on the concept of S&T gap, namely, the optimist and pragmatist approaches. Particularly, the cases of global IC, pharmaceutical, and computer industries, are used to make cross-national and cross-industrial comparison of these two approaches. The optimist approach is developed based on the product life cycle theory which envisions technology transcending everyday limitations. With this perspective, market demand is the most critical factor in selecting the S&T strategy approaches. The pragmatist approach is formed based on the new trade theory which recognizes the power of science and technology but seeks to fit it into structures that already exist, and government must manage resources pouring into science and technology. Case studies of global IC, pharmaceutical, and computer industries during the 2nd half of the 20th century are used as research targets to reflect policy impacts on the technological evolution. The results of this study reveal that, strategy approaches have to be adapted and turned to the specific stage, technology level, and market segment that have been selected for intervention. This result of comparison also offers the criteria of strategy selection for developing different industry based on distinct national base.     

An industrial strategy for Britain: the nature and role of planning

It is argued that Britain has reached a turning point in its industrial history and that a sharp change in the way industrial policy is approached is now necessary. A primarily regulatory role for the state has to be transformed into a primarily developmental one. The market will continue as a crucial part of the system, but it will work within long-term parameters set by government. A system rather similar to the Japanese approach is advocated, but a straight transplant is seen to be infeasible and undesirable. Issues of democratic control and the power of the transnationals receive particular attention.     

Immigration and School Choice in Australia

This article examines the relationship between the share of immigrants in a locality and private versus public school choices of natives and immigrants in Australia. Using the 2001 Australian Census data, it finds that private school attendance among native‐born Australians is higher in localities with a higher share of immigrant populations. Immigrants’ private school attendance is lower where the share of their like‐type immigrants is higher. These effects vary with the presence of a common language and ethnic background between the natives and the immigrants. Overall, the results suggest the possibility of a ‘flight’ from unfamiliar cultures in the Australian school system.     

Changes in household composition as a shock-mitigating strategy

This paper uses data from the Russian Longitudinal Survey that span the two recent economic recessions of 1998 and 2008 to study the effect of declining incomes on household composition. We hypothesize that individuals face a trade-off between taking advantage of economies of scale and specialization when living with others, and individual privacy. Consumption smoothing is achieved by forgoing privacy during the crisis and results in increases in household size. Our empirical results suggest that members of households that experienced negative income shocks are more likely to move in with others compared to individuals residing in households whose income remained the same or increased.     

The role of industrial classification in the micro-macro integration: The case of the banking business in the 1997 North American industrial classification system

Although economic classification is not part of the Ruggles's prodigious contributions to the System of National Accounts, it is certainly meant to help achieve the integration and linking of macrodata with microdata. Unfortunately, economic classification is a component of the statistical infrastructure that often remains unquestioned by the existing industrial organization literature. This paper fills this gap using the banking business under the 1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as an example. More specifically, the paper ascertains the extent to which NAICS succeeds at combining the various activities performed by Canadian banks into homogeneous industries. Assuming that producing units within the same industry should display more similar cost structure than those in less similar industries, we find that NAICS—at least for the banking sector—is successful at identifying and grouping producing units into homogeneous economic activities. This result is particularly helpful for empirical research that relies on microdata to draw inferences on the structures, conduct and economic performance of the banking sector as whole.     

Export promotion as a development strategy

This paper has two aims. First it presents a model of the advantages of promoting exports. Second, it warns that in such a model, export promotion may be of benefit only to a limited group of countries. Encouraging others to become outwards oriented may be detrimental to welfare. The fact that, for the exporting sector to be viable, the scale of the exporting sector must be large relative to the optimal scale of exporting firms is advanced as the motivation for export promotion. I then argue that the scale of the exporting sector may, in equilibrium, be a signal of the export good's quality. Large capacities in the sector are required to convince importers to pay high prices. Such high capacities may effectively deter countries capable of producing only low quality goods from subsidizing exports.     

Neoliberalism as an asocial ideology and strategy in education

There have been many neoliberal education reforms around the world. At the bottom line, those reforms are intended to modify the education system based upon market principles. Reviewing and contrasting various perspectives on education (Adam Smith, Marxists, Veblen, Dewey, and neoclassicists), I argue that: 1) neoliberalism is an asocial ideology of the ruling class in the capitalist system, 2) neoliberalism justifies and propagates market principles in education, 3) there is a discontinuity between classical liberalism and neoliberalism, and 4) when it comes to Korean education reforms, neoliberalism has two contradictions and counter-movements which hinder the realization of market principles in education. I dedicate this paper to the late Dr. William D. Williams (1945–2004), for his encouragement and inspiration. I would also like to thank John F. Henry, Frederic S. Lee, James I. Sturgeon, and Douglas M. Meader for their throught-provoking comments. Final responsibility rests with the author.     

Neoliberalism as an asocial ideology and strategy in education

There have been many neoliberal education reforms around the world. At the bottom line, those reforms are intended to modify the education system based upon market principles. Reviewing and contrasting various perspectives on education (Adam Smith, Marxists, Veblen, Dewey, and neoclassicists), I argue that: 1) neoliberalism is an asocial ideology of the ruling class in the capitalist system, 2) neoliberalism justifies and propagates market principles in education, 3) there is a discontinuity between classical liberalism and neoliberalism, and 4) when it comes to Korean education reforms, neoliberalism has two contradictions and counter-movements which hinder the realization of market principles in education.