Selling the Game: Estimating the Economic Impact of Professional Sports through Taxable Sales

Sports leagues, franchises, and civic boosters tout the economic benefits of professional sports as an incentive for host cities to construct new stadiums or arenas at considerable public expense. Past league-sponsored studies have estimated that new stadiums, franchises, and mega-events such as the Super Bowl increase economic activity by potentially hundreds of millions of dollars in host cities. A detailed regression analysis of taxable sales in Florida over the period extending from 1980 to 2005 fails to support these claims. New stadiums, arenas, and franchises, as well as mega-events, appear to be as likely to reduce taxable sales as increase them. Similarly, strikes and lockouts in professional sports have not systematically lead to reductions in local taxable sales.     

Stadium financing,usage and the impact of institutional change on consumer demand: The case of VFL Park, 1970–1986

Ownership, financing, and usage of stadiums are key issues that affect the commercial operations of sports leagues. Stadiums that are owned by leagues may generate deadweight losses if they are not used to full capacity. We (1) model demand to measure the impact of the Victorian Football League building a privately-funded stadium (VFL Park); (2) then use counterfactual scenarios to estimate social saving from different venues and playing days, and determine whether further welfare gains would have been possible. VFL Park provided greater control over revenue, but further institutional change was needed to fully exploit potential commercial gains from the stadium.     

Freedom of Entry,Market Size,and Competitive Outcome: Evidence from English Soccer

A primary prediction of the theory of sports leagues is that teams with higher revenues will have higher league positions or winning percentages than teams with smaller revenues. Behind this prediction lies the key influence of market size, yet this has been underexplored in the empirical literature on sports leagues. This paper combines detailed census of population data with panel data on team performance for an open sports league, the English Football League, to test the hypothesis that market size matters for team performance. We find a particularly important role for population close to the team's location. The impact of local population is reduced but not eliminated when allowance is made for entry in the form of competition from neighboring clubs. We assess implications of these findings for both European and North American sports league structures.     

Public Subsidies and the Location and Pricing of Sports

Using public choice analysis, we determine how government subsidies affect location and pricing decisions of sports teams. We explain how voter referendums can create suboptimal outcomes for local communities and identify winners and losers in sport team subsidies. Subsidy bidding leads to higher subsidies and fewer sport franchises but does not alter team location. Sport subsidies generate additional revenue for owners and players at taxpayer expense, and non‐fan taxpayers subsidize both the team and fans. To increase political support for subsidies, teams lower ticket prices below the apparent profit‐maximizing level, which may cause inelastic ticket prices and ticket shortages.     

Competition Law as a Constraint on Monopolistic Exploitation by Sports Leagues and Clubs

The sports industry is characterized by dominant leagues andclubs exercising economic power unconstrained by rivals or thethreat of entry, often featuring market-division schemes. Leaguesand clubs can raise price, lower output, and lower quality tofans, create an artificial scarcity of top-tier teams resultingin publicly subsidized stadiums, and impose labour-market restraintsthat significantly harm consumers by misallocating players,most obviously by inhibiting low-quality teams' quick improvement.Business decisions made by club-run leagues feature significanttransaction costs, resulting in even greater inefficiency thanwould occur if leagues were controlled by a single entity. Manycountries have employed settled principles of competition law,originating in the common law of restraint of trade, as a usefuland meaningful constraint on the abuses of economic power insports. Courts have prohibited agreements between clubs or leaguesthat distort prices or output, or render output unresponsiveto consumer demand, unless the agreement is shown to be demonstrablynecessary to achieve a pro-competitive goal. In this paper,I argue that consumers and sports fans will benefit from a moreambitious enforcement of these established principles of competitionlaw.     

Stadiums and Scheduling: Measuring Deadweight Losses in the Victorian Football League, 1920–70

Over a 50 year period, Australian Rules football's major league, the Victorian Football League, did not always use its largest and best-equipped stadium for regular season games between its most popular teams or schedule those teams to play twice in a regular season. We calculate deadweight losses from the use of capital goods (stadiums) and effects of match scheduling in this professional sports league. Such analysis has not been attempted previously because of the absence of a counterfactual. The welfare losses were significant but not sufficient to threaten the survival of a distance-protected cartel.     

A Tale of Two Gate-Sharing Plans: The National Football League and the National League, 1952-1956

Do professional sports leagues design revenue-sharing rules primarily to help financially weaker teams, or do such organizations view revenue-sharing rules as ways to reward teams for being competitive? Baseball's National League and the National Football League provide evidence from the 1950s that revenue-sharing plans may have surprising effects. If strong teams draw well on the road, revenue-sharing plans may provide modest succor to teams in smaller cities and may benefit teams in larger cities. The two leagues' experiences also suggest that owners are willing to enact regressive aspects in their revenue-sharing plans, possibly to forestall moral hazard possibilities arising from automatically helping teams that remain poor draws or that fail to improve.     

Sport as Business

There is both a popular and academic literature suggesting thatowners of sports teams do not profit maximize. The alternativeformulation entails either win or utility maximization, usuallysubject to a break-even constraint. Another line of economicanalysis holds that team owners do fundamentally profit maximizeor that profit maximization provides a useful benchmark againstwhich to assess actual performance. There has been some empiricalwork attempting to decipher the true objective function of teamowners. These results are inconclusive. Objective functions,however, remain important because they affect both owner behaviourand league performance. In practice, owners' objectives varyby team, league, and country and are strongly affected by howthe team relates to an owner's other assets. The next task formodelling the behaviour and performance of sports leagues isto take fuller account of the diversity of ownership objectiveswithin a given league.     

我国新能源企业高管团队组成特征与企业绩效的关系:董事会与股权结构的调节作用

新能源产业是"十二五"能源规划的重中之重,将面临巨大的机遇和挑战。我国新能源产业起步较晚,产业内政策体系不完善,具有资本密集性和技术密集性的特点,并且竞争非常激烈。在这样一个快速变动的环境中,董事会、股权结构对高管团队及企业绩效的影响关系到企业长期稳定发展。本文以在我国沪深两市上市的新能源企业为研究对象,探讨高管团队组成特征(包括规模、年龄及教育程度)与企业绩效(包括财务绩效与市场绩效)的关系,并以董事会权力、股权结构为调节变量进行实证分析。研究结果表明,随着市场竞争度的不断增强,规模较大的高管团队的优势凸显,同时,平均年龄较小的高管团队对企业绩效有明显的促进作用,此外,代表董事会权力的董事会持股比例较高可以强化高管团队组成特征与企业绩效的关系。     

Team promotion in early major league baseball and the origin of the closed sports league

I argue that a quasi team-promotion system similar to European professional sports leagues once existed in the US, contrary to common perceptions. The first American pro team sport was baseball. From the creation of the first major league in 1876 to the early 1890s, entry was common, occurring primarily by the “promotion” of clubs in operation the previous season. The informal system ended abruptly after an 1892 merger that formed the prototype closed monopoly sports league. Empirical analysis indicates that the cessation of entry reduced competitive balance, and that in their initial year promoted teams outperformed new start-ups. While historians have recognized the elimination of between-league competition as an underlying motive for the monopoly merger, the simultaneous elimination of club entry and competition for league membership has gone virtually unnoticed.     

基于LDA模型的新能源汽车政策文本量化分析

运用潜在狄利克雷分配模型(LDA)进行主题挖掘,以国家和中部六省两个层级的144个新能源汽车相关政策作为研究对象,从高频词汇、主题强度及年度变化等方面进行量化分析.结果表明国家层级主题主要是节能发展、动力蓄电池回收等,从绿色发展的整体角度推动发展;中部六省层级的主题主要是设施建设和财政补贴等,更注重从基础保障方面推进;新能源汽车产业政策体系较为完善,但是层级间政策存在互动性不足、忽视传导渗透作用等问题.     

一事一议财政奖补制度对农村居民收入影响效应研究——基于中国县域面板数据的实证检验

一事一议财政奖补制度是中国农村税费改革后村级公共产品主要供给制度。该制度以其筹补结合的供给方式,弥补了由于税费减免导致的财政资金短缺加之村民筹资不足带来的村级公共产品供给缺失,有效促进了村级公共产品供给。理论上村级公共产品有效供给能够提高农村居民收入水平,但通过一事一议财政奖补制度提供的村级供给产品需要农民、村集体承担一部分建设费用,且后期管护工作在一定程度上增加了农民的经济负担。那么实施多年的一事一议财政奖补制度是否真正提高了农村居民收入水平？以及这种影响是短暂的还是持久的？其内在作用机制又是怎样的呢？文章首先从理论上分析一事一议财政奖补制度实施对农村居民收入的影响,并探讨"一事一议财政奖补→常住人口城镇化率→农村居民收入水平"的作用路径。然后运用中国县域面板数据对理论分析结论进行实证检验。文章在搜集2002年-2015年全国1869个县域经济数据基础上,从各省政府、省农委历年相关工作文件中查找1869个县开展一事一议财政奖补制度起始年份,最终形成26166组县域面板数据。研究发现,一事一议财政奖补制度实施能够对农村居民收入水平产生显著的正向影响,并且影响程度总体上呈现逐年递增趋势,并探讨常住人口城镇化率在其中发挥的中介效应。     

黑龙江省大众冰雪体育文化特点与发展研究

黑龙江省大众冰雪体育的发展,应打造冰雪体育全民健身品牌,推进公共体育服务设施建设,利用黑龙江省冰雪资源优势,通过冰雪节庆活动和大型赛事等,展示地方特色的冰雪文化和大众健身特点。其未来发展态势向大众化冰雪体育全民健身和以滑雪俱乐部为代表的大众健身群体化方向发展,向国际冰雪体育赛事冲击,并向体育产业集群和国际化方向发展。     

Indonesian universities in transition: catching up and opening up

Indonesia's higher education system is changing rapidly: in 2010 there were about 5 million students, up from 2,000 in 1945. Effectively the tertiary system has four tiers, three of which are within the public sector. However, the system is increasingly private sector driven. The key themes of this paper on universities are rapid growth; overcoming the historical backlog; and the need for further fundamental reform. The quality of Indonesia's tertiary institutions is highly variable. Governance structures and incentives regimes within the state universities are complex and obscure. The government both over-regulates and under-regulates. Major reforms are under way and increasing financial resources are available.     

欠发达地区公建民营养老机构SWOT分析——以乐山市X老苑老年公寓为例

随着养老服务需求的日益增长,公建民营成为当前养老机构改革的主要方向。为了更好地推动养老事业的发展以满足老年人的养老需求,基于SWOT分析模型的优势、劣势、机会以及威胁4个维度,对欠发达地区公建民营养老机构模式内外部环境进行研究。在自身劣势与外部环境威胁的基础上分析公建民营养老机构的短板与不足,并有针对性地从机构的服务定位、人才队伍建设、政府监管、机构环境等方面提出相关建议。     

南京青奥会对高职学生体育意识的影响研究

以南京青奥会为契机,阐述青奥会的意义。从加快体育教学改革、加强校园体育文化建设和学校体育场馆建设等方面,提出扩大青奥会对高职学生体育意识影响的具体措施。目的是促进高职院校体育事业的健康发展,提高高职学生对健康生活方式的认识程度,并引导他们养成健康的生活方式。     

社区体育在城市化发展进程中不耦合因素研究——以哈尔滨社区体育发展为例

将哈尔滨市社区体育引为主要研究对象,运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法对其进行研究。分析了哈尔滨市社区体育在城市化发展进程中面临的场地设施不足、活动经费紧缺、项目单调和指导力量薄弱等主要不耦合因素。认为改进组织管理模式和完善有关法规、制度是推动城市社区体育发展的前提,培养合适的体育人才是促进城市社区体育发展的关键,通过多种渠道和方式加大对社区体育的资金投入,积极建设场地、设施是加速城市社区体育发展的保证。     

民办高校基层教学管理队伍建设探析——以重庆人文科技学院（原西南大学育才学院）为例

随着民办高校的高速发展,越来越多的民办高校意识到要生存与发展只有走提高教学质量的路子,教学管理队伍水平的提高是其必要保障,而民办高校教学管理队伍目前存在诸如结构不合理、稳定性差等问题。本文以重庆地区具有代表性的一所民办高校为例,通过分析民办高校教学管理队伍的现状,并就如何建立一支结构合理、高效、精干、稳定的教学管理队伍...     

The Price of Electricity in Indonesia

Persistent shortages of electric power and of capital to fund power system expansion have recently prompted the Indonesian government to allow the private sector to supply electricity. Price has become a controversial issue—both the retail price private producers would charge the public, and the wholesale price at which they would seil in bulk to the state utility, PLN The government has traditionally kept the retail price below cost to support economic development objectives, and subsidies have covered PLN's losses. Opponents of private power argue that without subsidies private suppliers would have to raise the retail price to unacceptable levels—according to PLN, almost 50% more per kilowatt-hour than its own price. The paper assesses PLN's claim by quantifying hidden subsidies, and demonstrates that, if these were properly taken into account, the average retail price per kilowatt-hour for 1980–93 should have been 46% higher than it was.     

基于蒙托卡罗模拟的BOT模式下公租房盈利的影响因素分析——以浙江省某高校人才公租房项目为例

针对公共租赁房资金短缺的现状,政企合作建设公共租赁房,在减轻财政压力、有效利用民间资本、加快解决低收入家庭住房困难等方面有十分重要的意义。本文以浙江省某公租房项目为例,采用蒙托拉罗方法模拟项目净现值,分析不同因素对BOT融资模式下公租房盈利的影响,研究表明,影响公租房盈利的主要因素是建筑工程费、年租金收入及其他费用。为此,从成本和收入方面提出相关的建议,旨在推动公租房民间融资的可持续发展。