Egypt's Growth Performance Under Economic Liberalism: A Reassessment With New GDP Estimates, 1886–1945

The stagnation of Egyptian living standards in the first half of the 20th century has been widely presumed in economic history. However, this conventional wisdom is partially based on a fragmented body of evidence on aggregate output. In particular, no estimates of national income exist for any extended period prior to World War II. Using a money–based cointegration approach and a new measure of broad money, we exploit Egypt's intimate economic links with the U.K. to provide the first continuous estimates of GDP for the period 1886–1945. Our estimates are consistent with trends in agriculture and other stylized facts about the Egyptian economy in the late 19th and early 20th century. The empirical results provide qualified support to the conventional wisdom about Egypt's growth performance in addition to offering a detailed characterization of output cycles.     

我国GDP核算与现行SNA的GDP核算之间的若干差异

本文阐述我国现行GDP核算与 1 993年SNA的GDP核算在生产范围、基层单位和产业部门分类、总产出、中间投入和增加值的定义、增加值的估价、固定资本消耗、混合收入、金融媒介服务等十二个方面存在的差异 ,供研究和了解我国GDP核算的专家和学者们参考     

Stochastic Growth Models and Their Econometric Implications

This article considers the consequences of explicitly allowing for stochastic technological progress and stochastic labor input in the discrete-time Solow-Swan and AK growth models. It shows that the capital-output ratio, but not output per capita, is ergodic irrespective of whether there is a unit root in technology, and thus is the more appropriate measure to use in the cross-sectional analysis of the growth process. Furthermore, the article derives the cross-sectional and time-series implications of the stochastic Solow-Swan model and contrasts these to those of its deterministic counterpart. Among these implications are that the mean of the capital-output ratio depends in a precise way not only on the saving rate and the growth rate of labor input, but also on the variance and higher-order cumulants of the capital-output ratio. Using the Summers-Heston data for seventy-two countries from 1960 to 1992, strong support is found for the predictions of the stochastic Solow-Swan model as compared to those of its deterministic counterpart (as well as those of the AK model), including a significant negative cross-sectional relationship between the mean and the variance of the capital-output ratio.     

绿色国内生产总值核算存在的问题与对策

在科学发展观的指导下,我国绿色国内生产总值核算备受关注,怎样克服绿色国内生产总值核算存在的问题,并利用投入产出法进行绿色国内生产总值核算,本文围绕这几方面问题进行探讨。     

Potential Growth and Inflation: Estimates for Australia, the United States and Canada

Estimates of potential output growth for Australia, the United States and Canada are presented and analysed in this article. We define potential growth as that growth rate consistent with a steady (domestic component of the) inflation rate (SIRG). At around 4 per cent per annum, Australia's SIRG has been relatively stable for the past 30 years, which seems inconsistent with the view that wide‐ranging microeconomic reform in the 1990s raised growth potential. However, we show that the reduction in employment growth in Australia from the 1980s to the 1990s may account for the absence of a rise in potential growth. In Canada and the United States the SIRGs are closer to 3 per cent, and we explore the reasons why potential growth estimates are higher for Australia than for North America. We also discuss why Australia's growth averaged less than its potential in the 1980s and 1990s and the possible use of our estimates for monetary policy purposes.     

杭州市绿色GDP核算指标体系及应用研究

根据国内外的理论与实践经验,以及杭州市的具体情况,本文选取了资源和环境账户的典型重要因子,构建了杭州市绿色GDP环境扣减指标体系,包括自然资源损耗帐、环境污染帐、实际环境支出帐等3个大类的环境扣减指标,共计11个次级指标,18个三级指标。利用国内外常用的核算方法,以及2005～2008年的相关数据,核算了杭州市绿色GDP。核算结果表明,2005～2008年杭州市环境损失占GDP的比重在下降,即绿色GDP占GDP的比重在上升,到2008年环境损失绝对值也开始出现下降。应该说杭州市环境建设已经取得了一定成效。由于杭州市国民经济一直处于快速增长状态,因此也说明环境保护与经济增长可以实现共赢。但矿产品损耗、环境污染损失、环保支出、排污费和超标排污费、处罚等都处于上升阶段,因此杭州市环境建设还应继续加强。针对本文的研究,最后提出了几点政策建议。     

中国城市化和经济增长关系的计量分析

传统观点认为经济增长带动城市化的发展,城市化对经济增长的促进作用很有限.本文通过运用格兰杰因果检验、状态空间模型和向量自回归模型对城市化和经济增长的关系进行实证研究发现.与传统的观点相反,城市化对经济增长具有很大的促进作用,相反经济增长对城市化的影响是很有限的.城市化促进区域经济增长,主要是通过扩大内需而实现的,也就是城市化促进区域经济增长机制是内需的扩大.本文根据实证研究结果,也进行了加快我国城市化的相关措施的讨论.     

GDP Growth Rates Calculated from Quarterly National Accounts: Discrepancies and Revisions

The differences between income-based and expenditure-based rates of real GDP growth are examined. The extent to which initial growth rates are subsequently affected by data revisions is documented. Results of regressions of first reported growth rates on the growth rates reported in QNA June 1985 are presented for three samples - the sample of income-based estimates of GDP growth rates, the sample of expenditure-based estimates and the sample of mean rates (average of the two estimates).     

Econometric analysis of bank lending and business cycles in South Africa

This article examines econometric relationships between bank lending and business cycle in South Africa. Two long-run economic relationships are hypothesized between total credit and the variables, namely, coincidental indicators, spread between lending and borrowing rates, money supply, stock price index, inflation and banking sector specific factors included in the model. Of these variables, only coincident indicators, changes in money supply as well as capital, and reserve are found to exert some influence on short-run total credit availability.     

中国经济增长与绿色GDP研究

本文从统计视角研究了自2004年以来中国经济出现"过热"现象的原因,提出了GDP核算方法中关于自然资源的开发和能源使用核算存在的缺陷是导致追求GDP高增长率的直接原因.建议使用"绿色GDP"指标来衡量社会经济的发展水平,并提出开展"绿色GDP"核算的初步设想.     

Monetary Policy and Forecasts for Real GDP Growth: An Empirical Investigation for the Federal Republic of Germany

Using quarterly data for the Federal Republic of Germany, we generate four-quarter-ahead forecasts for real GDP growth. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, other monetary indicators like real M1 or short-run interest rates clearly outperform forecasts which are based on interest rate spreads. This holds for within as well as for ex-post predictions. The same holds for the development after 1992. Moreover, it is shown that simple forecasts based on M1 or on short-run interest rates outperform the common biannual GNP forecasts of the group of German economic research institutes.     

沈阳市绿色GDP核算体系构建及初步分析

绿色GDP是指从传统GDP中扣除资源消耗成本和治理污染费用的国民生产总值,可以反映经济增长带来的问题。通过对沈阳市2002—2011年能源资源消耗、水资源消耗、耕地资源、环境污染成本作为核算要素,对沈阳市绿色GDP的核算,可看出沈阳市绿色GDP逐年增长,但沈阳市能源消耗仍占据很大的比例。因此,沈阳市还需要提高能源的利用率,推广清洁生产以及调整产业结构,进一步发展第三产业,促进沈阳市的经济可持续发展。     

韩国及印度国际化轨迹研究

纵观企业国际化的发展,每个国家都有其不同的发展历史和发展特点,在倡导中国企业“走出去”的今天,认真分析主要发展中国家的“走出去”模式,了解全球化发展的轨迹,有利于我国企业在“走出去”的过程中找到发展的机遇。同时,借鉴国外“走出去”的模式,对其进行适当的修改可以直接为我国企业所用。本文试图从20世纪60年代开始撰写,沿着时代背景的发展,一直探索21世纪初的企业到国际化发展情况。本文选择了印度、韩国两个发展中国家,力求从上述国家的全球化模式、全球化动因、政府支持及当地背景等方面探索全球国际化的轨迹。     

论绿色GDP的理论基础与核算困境

利用关键性资源的概念,探索绿色GDP与其他衡量经济体可持续性指标的理论基础以及这些指标之间的关系,讨论用绿色地区生产总值衡量经济体可持续性存在的问题与绿色地区生产总值核算技术上的困境,为扫清有关绿色GDP核算的理论研究与实践工作的障碍提供帮助。     

工业部门绿色GDP核算研究--2000年上海市能源-环境-经济投入产出分析

当前,实行经济可持续发展已成为人们的共识,如何在发展经济的同时实施综合环境与经济核算,以便真实地反映各国的经济总量,已成为各国政府关注的重要课题.文章依据联合国颁布的SEEA中关于环境投入产出核算的基本原理,结合我国的实践,构造出一个适合我国实际情况的环境投入产出核算模型;然后利用2002年上海市投入产出表,在考虑能源、环境对经济增长影响的前提下,对上海市工业部门的绿色GDP进行了测算,并把测算结果同传统意义上的GDP进行了比较.文章的测算结果对研究上海市的资源、环境与经济的综合平衡关系,找出上海市环境经济发展过程中各经济部门对环境所造成的损害,为上海市进行可持续发展宏观决策和产业结构调整提供依据;同时也为上海市开展能源-环境-经济的综合核算提供方法基础.     

Accounting for Recent Economic Growth in Southeast Asia

This paper identifies the major factors explaining GDP growth in a number of Southeast Asian countries during the 1980s and early 90s. Estimates of the contribution of technological change, increases in the endowments of labor and capital, movements in the terms of trade, and changes in domestic output prices are reported for Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand. Partial results for Indonesia and Malaysia are also shown. An index number approach is used; it has a tight theoretical foundation, being based on the GNP/GDP function approach to modeling the production sector of an open economy.     

A Theory of Growth and Threshold Inflation with Estimates

For an inflation targeting Central Bank, a precise estimate of the threshold inflation in the economy is important. Existing studies provide estimates without any coherent theory of growth and threshold inflation and hence suffer from several limitations about concept and measurement. The present paper attempts to develop such a theory to establish a stable steady state growth solution. It also operationalizes the theory through a model with support from the Indian data for specific components of the model to derive the required functional form. Final estimates in India with annual data from 1995–96 to 2017–18 show that the threshold inflation and associated optimal growth vary considerably as rates of fiscal deficit and current account deficit on the balance of payments vary. The current combinations of the long term four policy targets of 4% inflation; 8% growth; 6% fiscal deficit (to GDP); and 2% current account deficit (to GDP) are internally inconsistent and hence not achievable. Now that there is an opportunity to revise the inflation target for the period after March 2021, the present paper argues for choosing from the menu of internally consistent options for all these four policy targets to avoid unnecessary costs.