中国消费品市场中“漂绿”的治理分析:基于信任的视角

基于中国经济社会处于转型期的背景,运用不完全信息漂绿博弈模型,讨论绿色消费品市场中信任对交易和规制政策效果的影响,发现信任的高低对漂绿现象出现的概率大小和漂绿治理政策的效果起到了关键作用。应通过参与和透明的方式,提高消费者对绿色产品的信任度、消费者和生产者对绿色产品相关规制政策的信任度,最终达到增强漂绿治理政策效果。     

A Dismal Reality: Behavioural Analysis and Consumer Policy

Before the behavioural turn, the economic account of consumer policy concerns was too optimistic and reductive. After the turn, we, the consumers, are more likely to need from an economic perspective a more intrusive consumer policy. This is the dismality thesis defended in this article. The dismality thesis is a theoretical, comparative, and argumentative thesis, albeit normatively incomplete. It follows from two premises. First, pre-behavioural economics elaborated a restricted theory of consumer harm in unregulated markets (“consumer harm premise”) and, second, it overstated the effectiveness of information disclosure as a means of consumer policy (“institutional premise”). The dismality thesis is further supported by a comparison of the discussion of attributes control in the pre- and post-behavioural turn literature and by commenting on the main source of controversy about attributes control in the post-turn literature, the so-called “artificial truncation” of behavioural analysis.     

我国轿车消费市场分析

建立合理的消费结构,培育新的消费品市场是经济持续增长的内在要求,轿车消费是消费市场的一个新的“亮”点。但由于种种原因,我国的轿车消费却迟迟没有“亮”起来。本文通过大量数据分析了造成家庭对轿车的需求量很小的原因,并就消费状况．车型结构,政府汽车消费政策等方面论述了如何相应调整轿车消费结构。使轿车消费市场完善起来。     

Toward A Framework for Consumer Policy Analysis

In this paper, an attempt is made to define the scope of the various subdisciplines of consumer studies. The topical relationships between these subdisciplines are also explored. From this basis, a framework is developed for investigating consumer issues and related policy questions.     

中国公民出境旅游的消费行为分析及行业政策研究

本文在对中国公民出境旅游消费行为特征全面分析的基础上,进一步阐释了出境旅游的消费动因.结合对出境旅游市场发展趋势的预测,从引导旅游者消费行为的角度,探讨了今后中国出境旅游市场的行业管理政策框架.     

Economics of Consumer Protection: Contributions and Challenges in Estimating Consumer Injury and Evaluating Consumer Protection Policy

Journal of Consumer Policy - The author examines the role of economics in consumer protection, drawing from her experience at the U. S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which has a dual mandate to...     

Consumer Market Beliefs About Retailing

This study emprically examines the subject of general beliefs that consumers have about retailing. Results from a survey of 485 consumers about the degree of consumer endorsement for sixteeen market beliefs are reported and discussed in terms of implications for retailing management.     

Price Intransparency,Consumer Decision Making and European Consumer Law

Price comparison is a basic element of competition. For comparison to work, at least prices need to be transparent. Moreover, price is usually a focal point in consumer thinking and deciding on transactions. Hence, obfuscating prices can be detrimental to consumers. Therefore, it is vital for policymakers to know how transparent pricing is in reality. Commercial practices involving price intransparency can be detrimental to consumer decision making and may be associated with market failure. So, legislative intervention to ensure price transparency is sometimes warranted. Suppliers may disclose and frame pricing information in such ways as to influence consumers. For some suppliers, advantages may be gained by obfuscating price—through practices ranging from the outright hiding of price terms in the small print to subtle ways of throwing in gifts or adding charges during the vending process. Do consumers appreciate the implications of the fact that by framing price in different ways suppliers actually try to influence their demand for products? And how does the law broadly speaking respond to problems of price intransparency? In this article, behavioural science insights are combined with a legal analysis of European consumer law in order to chart some of the detrimental influences of price intransparency on the consumer decision-making process and to answer whether and to what extent European consumer law addresses these issues. In doing so, this article first reviews research from consumer psychology, marketing, and behavioural law, and economics regarding the influence of presentation, framing, and transparency of price on the consumer decision-making process. Subsequently, it describes and evaluates the legal framework offered by European consumer law and how this framework responds to practices of price intransparency. Particular problematic pricing techniques are identified and discussed. In conclusion, attention is drawn to the disadvantages of the increasing full harmonization character of European consumer law for combating price intransparency at Member State level.     

Consumer Protection Law in Ethiopia: The Normative Regime and the Way Forward

The 1960 Civil Code of Ethiopia and other laws have been providing a certain level of protection to consumers until the enactment of laws – in 2010 and 2014 – that expressly deal with consumer protection. This article examines consumer protection in Ethiopia with prime attention to the Trade Competition and Consumer Protection Proclamation No. 813/2013 (enacted in 2014). The social context which prompted the enactment of specific consumer laws in Ethiopia, sources that have influenced Ethiopia’s consumer law regime, rights of consumers, obligations of business persons, regulatory enforcement schemes and some features of consumer protection in digitalized services are highlighted. Moreover, the article briefly deals with the way forward regarding consumer enablement as a path to the effective implementation of consumer rights to choice, safety, information and redress. It is argued that the articulation of specific consumer laws can hardly be implemented unless consumers are adequately empowered to secure their rights and entitlements through effective redress which should include public interest litigation, class action and enhanced civil society engagement.     

Chilean Consumer Law and Policy: A Brief Outlook

Journal of Consumer Policy - Chilean consumer law and policy has a short but enthralling history. As compared with other jurisdictions such as EU countries, its bedrock is still in formation,...     

Market Structures with Multi-product Firms: Welfare Analysis and Policy Implications

In the real world firms operate in more than one market and consequently can exploit scope economies and/or demand complementarities. Introducing multi-product firms in the picture makes the standard assumption that more competition is always beneficial for social welfare less clear-cut. In this paper we show that a concentrated structure can be socially preferable in the presence of scope economies, whereas a fragmented structure has to be preferred when products are close substitutes. We also identify either analytically or numerically the socially optimal market structure when aggregate output (and then consumer surplus) or total welfare are used as ranking criteria. The analysis is useful for discussing which market structure should be favored by policy makers aimed at introducing competition in sectors which were previously monopolized by state-owned firms. To that respect, our findings point out that not only the level (number of firms) but also the form (type of firms) of competition matters.     

Consumer protection within the European Union

In April 1992, the Danish Parliament published an information paper regarding Denmark and the European Union which was distributed to all homes. The paper said, among other things, that a number of new areas are explicitly incorporated in the EC cooperation. Consumer protection was mentioned as an example. It is, however, questionable whether the Maastricht Treaty in this area involves anything more than a formal, statutory confirmation that the EC may work for the protection of consumers precisely as before. The Edinburgh declaration on Denmark and the European Union does not seem to contain an answer.

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Verbraucherschutz innerhalb der Europäischen Union

Zusammenfassung Im April 1992 veröfentlichte das dänische Parlament ein Informationspapier über Dänemark und die Europäische Union, das allen dänischen Haushalten zugestellt wurde. Unter anderem wurde darin behauptet, da\ eine Reihe néuer Bereiche in die Europäische Kooperation ausdrücklich neu aufgenommen worden sind. Verbraucherschutz wurde als ein Beispiel genannt. Allerdings ist fraglich, ob der Vertrag von Maaastricht gerade in diesem Bereich irgendetwas enthält, das über die formale vertragliche Bestätigung dessen hinausgeht, da\ die Europäische Gemeinschaft beim Verbraucherschutz genauso weiterarbeiten kann wie zuvor. Die Deklaration von Edinburgh über Dänemark und die Europäische Union enthält offendar nichts, was diese Frage beantworten könnte.

     

Consumer Law and Policy in Ghana

This paper presents a picture of the landscape of consumer law and policy in Ghana and reviews the scope of protection of consumer interests with specific regard to product safety and liability, consumer sales, and telecommunication services. It assesses the legislative and policy framework on consumer contracts, product safety, and unfair commercial practices; discusses the role of national agencies in enforcing safety standards; and highlights some critical consumer issues in telecommunications service delivery. The paper examines the regulatory framework on other consumer issues such as advertising, labelling, and marketing of consumer products; terms and conditions of consumer contracts; and after sales services including the enforcement of guarantees, warranties, refund, and return policies. The paper also discusses the extent of external influence on the development of consumer law and policy in Ghana and reviews the level of interaction with other legal systems and supranational bodies in the three focal areas. The contribution also explores areas of Ghana’s consumer protection framework which could benefit from guidance from the EU transnational model on consumer protection and makes recommendations for the enhancement of the emerging legislative and policy regime on consumer protection in Ghana.     

Consumer Law and Policy in Kenya

This contribution seeks to examine the consumer protection law and policy in Kenya with a view to understand how consumer issues, such as product safety and product liability, are addressed as well as the remedies for defective goods. It also seeks to understand the available provisions on the safety standards of consumer products, such as mobile phones, by highlighting the consumer issues that arise for mobile phone users with particular reference to the services provided by mobile network operators (MNOs) – i.e., the financial services and products – and how the consumer protection regime has addressed them. It will conclude by examining how the Kenyan consumer law has manifested itself, either by its influence on other states’ consumer laws and policies or the way(s) in which its own laws have been influenced by foreign and supranational consumer laws. References will be made with regard to the influence by the European Commission (EC) Product Safety Directive, the EC Product Liability Directive, the EC Consumer Sales Directive and the EC Unfair Commercial Practices Directive. Furthermore, this contribution will highlight the challenges encountered with respect to the achievement of a consumer protection regime in Kenya, as a result of the fragmentation of the law and policies.     

Alternative Regulatory Cases Challenging Consumer Policy

By means of the concept of postmodern politics, we provide insights into how alternative regulation is challenging consumer policy. New actors, new forms of interaction, and new goals are emerging alongside established forms of consumer policy. In particular, we examine two alternative regulatory cases: trust marks and consumer-generated information systems. They both exemplify alternative regulation of electronic commerce, which has facilitated regulatory innovation for over a decade. On the basis of our analysis, we suggest that governmental consumer policy cannot imitate the alternative regulatory solutions. We also encourage governmental actors to consider building bridges to consumer networks. This would broaden the scope of consumer policy and be in line with the modes of operation of governmental actors. Consumers are themselves contributing to this rethinking of governmental consumer policy. By networking, consumers provide each other with empowering information on consumption. Doing so on the massive scale enabled by information and communication technologies, they are challenging conventional consumer policy, which can no longer address consumer needs as it could in the pre-Internet days. New issues are emerging for consumer policy to address, and networked consumers are already contributing to policy.     

出口欧盟非食品类消费品化学风险特征分析

以2010年欧盟非食品类快速预警系统（RAPEX）对我国出口欧盟非食品消费品的通报情况为依据,评估了我国出口非食品类消费品在欧盟不同国家、不同类消费品、不同化学物质的化学风险特征和水平,并提出了我国出口消费品避免化学风险,减少被通报批数的相关建议。     

Financial Consumer Protection Regime in Malaysia: Assessment of the Legal and Regulatory Framework

This paper examines the status of the legal and regulatory framework for consumer protection in Malaysia, an emerging economy. Using leximetrics and notions of incomplete law, the paper explores the financial consumer protection regime in the country by examining two aspects of the legal framework: the legal infrastructure and typology of laws. The Malaysian legal framework for financial consumer protection is assessed in light of the good practices identified in international guidelines issued on the themes by OECD and the World Bank. The results highlight the complementary nature and different roles that laws, regulations, and supporting institutions play in achieving a comprehensive financial consumer protection framework in the country.     

非典对上海消费品市场的影响分析

一场突如其来的非典型肺炎给上海经济蒙上了一层阴影。从4月份起，非典的负面效应在市场逐渐呈现，5月份影响增大，尤其是“黄金周”大受影响，预计6月份影响将逐渐减小，三季度市场将出现较大的“补偿性”反弹。