Striving for PAR excellence in land use planning: Multi-stakeholder collaboration on customary forest recognition in Bulukumba,South Sulawesi

Decentralization has enlivened new, bottom-up approaches for forestry governance in Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, social forestry and adat (indigenous) rights have come to the fore. The landmark 2013 Constitutional Court decision MK35/2012 allows adat communities greater control over their traditional forest areas. MK35 is the subject of much attention in national debates on forest devolution, but many questions remain about implementation. This paper examines a unique case of MK35 implementation through a local regulation involving the Kajang adat community of Bulukumba, South Sulawesi. We highlight participatory action research (PAR) processes and methods, such as participatory mapping and survey “ground truthing,” which built consensus around vital, contentious policy questions such as the extent of the adat forest. Findings suggest that PAR, albeit time-consuming, is a robust approach for fostering complementarity between stakeholder groups and decision makers in bottom-up land use planning and management.     

村民集资型林业专业合作社可持续发展问题研究--基于尤溪县的案例分析

村民集资型林业专业合作社是化解集体林区林业发展中林地抛荒、村财不足、农村空心化问题的创新模式。归纳林业专业合作社的运行原则及可持续发展条件,采取案例研究法,深入分析村民集资型林业专业合作社的产生背景及运行机制,发现该类型合作社的可持续发展存在缺乏专业管理人员、经营模式单一、林农的认知程度低、林农参与意愿逐渐降低和前期村财负担重等问题,从宣传力度、政策扶持、专业人员、经营规模和经营管护方式等方面提出促进村民集资型林业专业合作社可持续发展的建议。     

国外森林可持续经营经济学研究综述

森林经营范式从木材持续收获经营转向森林可持续经营，并且森林可持续经营成为林业经济学的主要研究内容，这要求林业经济学拓展其研究领域，并召唤森林可持续经营经济学。主流经济学中涌现出各种新的理论形成了众多的经济学分支学科，它们在解决森林可持续经营的实践问题的同时，也为森林可持续经营经济学提供了理论来源。其中，生态经济学对森林可持续经济学的发展具有重要的理论贡献。森林可持续经营经济学对传统林业经济学理论模型的批判与修正也需要生态经济学的自然资本理论的发展。     

Growing deep roots: Increasing Aboriginal authority in contemporary forest governance arrangements

The governance literature highlights a shift away from “government” to new and more complex governing arrangements that involve a greater set of institutions and actors in decision-making processes. According to a number of studies, this shift is ongoing in forestry. This article seeks a better understanding of contemporary forest governance by exploring the emerging role of Aboriginal peoples in the Canadian forest sector. It is well known that Aboriginal participation in forest management is crucial for achieving sustainable forestry. Yet we know little about how Aboriginal communities can induce a change in governing conditions. We examined the various governance arrangements through which the Essipit Innu First Nation in Quebec (Canada) was able to exercise authority over forest management. Using multiple qualitative data gathering techniques, our analysis shows that Essipit innovated in forest governance by creating a partnership with the forest company Boisaco and, thus, gained authority over forest management decisions at the operational level. Our analysis explains that this new governance arrangement is built on growing collaboration and interdependencies between these two parties. Common values, orientations, mechanisms and tools are also necessary conditions. Finally, this research highlights the need for greater cultural understanding.     

现代林业生态系统理论探析

林业生态系统认为林业发展必须遵循生态系统的演化规律,林业经营不能超出林业自身调节能力的阈值。构建现代林业生态系统就是要按照林业的基本属性和内在规律,以林业的多种功能满足社会的多样化需求和林业的可持续发展。指出中国必须从林业生态体系、林业产业体系、林业文化体系3个方面来完善现代林业生态系统。     

The contested environmental governance of Maori-owned native forests in South Island,Aotearoa/New Zealand

In this study we set out to critically examine the environmental governance of native forests owned and managed by the Maori in New Zealand, with a specific focus on ‘SILNA’ lands given to the South island Maori as compensation lands for lost ancestral tribal lands. We will interrogate reasons for different forestry pathways in terms of how the process of European colonisation unfolded politically and spatially, the response of the Maori SILNA forest owners to pressures linked to land allocation and land rights issues over time, and the repercussions of these responses for biodiversity preservation in indigenous forest management systems. In order to unravel the complex environmental governance processes at play in the New Zealand context, we will pay particular attention to ‘exogenous’ (i.e. propelling forces outside Maori communities) and ‘endogenous’ regulation mechanisms (i.e. regulation of native forest management within SILNA forest blocks). New Zealand is a particularly appropriate setting as Maori governance, forest management and land rights issues have come to the fore over the past decades. Our findings suggest that Maori SILNA forest owners have used the full spectrum of forest management pathways, ranging from outright clearfelling and associated biodiversity depletion to forest preservation. The study highlights the complex interplay between endogenous environmental governance processes (actor embeddedness with their land and the role played by trusts and committees in particular) and exogenous drivers, in particular through the influence of international logging companies, and the policy environment which has sent mixed, and at times confusing, messages to Maori SILNA native forest owners.     

森林经营与林业可持续发展

林业是为进行森林经营组织起来的 ,以进行木材、林产品生产和保护性资源经营而以后者为基础的基础产业和公益事业。林业发展必须以森林经营为基础 ,林业可持续发展的前提是森林的可持续经营 ,面对当前我国的林业形势和实际 ,要确立“生态林业”的发展思路 ,放开商品林经营 ,改革林政管理制度和税费制度 ,改革和完善法规体系     

Learning from the other: Benefit sharing lessons for REDD+ implementation based on CBFM experience in Northern Tanzania

A key challenge facing interventions in forestry sector is how to ensure that benefit-sharing arrangements meet the needs and aspirations of poor rural people. In particular, as interest and effort builds around REDD+, it is important to remember that it, and any other intervention, are likely to be shaped by the history of Tanzania’s forestry sector, especially community based forest management. This paper examines benefit lessons for REDD+ from a well-known Tanzanian Forest Reserve which has begun to participate in selling carbon. The example is particularly important as it is one of the oldest cases of village-based forest management in the country. To explore this case a total of 101 households from two reserve-adjacent villages were randomly interviewed along with key informant interviews, transect walks, participant observation, and focus group discussions. Findings of the study revealed that majority of respondents felt benefits are concentrated on an elite due to weak governance mechanisms. We argue that local governance and central oversight will enhance good benefit sharing under REDD+ and future interventions in the forest sector.     

Forest governance and economic values of forest ecosystem services in Vietnam

Forest ecosystems deliver valuable services to humanity. However, many forests are being degraded and their services have been undervalued. The main problem lies in the inadequate institutional arrangements for forest governance. This paper aims to assess the effects of alternative forest governance arrangements on the provision and economic values of forest ecosystem services (FES) in Vietnam. The study presents a framework for mapping land use and land cover (LULC) change stemming from actual and hypothetical changes in forest governance regimes, quantifies the resulting changes in the provision of FES, and estimates the associated economic values. In the context of the study site in the North Western uplands of Vietnam, we test three alternative forest governance scenarios: business as usual, with a dominant government role; a community-based governance regime; and a private, individual-based forestry governance regime. Scenarios are based quite closely on the way these regimes are (or might be expected to be) implemented in Vietnam. For each forest governance scenario, we map LULC changes based on land suitability analysis and transition likelihood for the period 2010 − 2020. The resulting maps are used as inputs into the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) model, which is used to estimate the quantity of three specific FES: carbon storage/sequestration, sediment yield, and water yield. We apply economic valuation methods to value these services: the social cost of carbon is used to estimate the economic values of carbon storage/sequestration; the cost of removing sediment deposited in reservoirs is applied for valuing the reduction of sediment yield, and the residual value of water supply for hydropower generation is used for valuing water yield. The results show that forest governance regimes have a significant effect not only on forest LULC, but also on the quantity and values of FES derived from forests. The FES are differentially affected by alternative forest governance regimes: some FES increase in quantity and value under some governance regimes and decrease under others. Of the three forest governance regimes examined, there is no one regime that will always be ‘better’ than the others in terms of provisioning all considered FES. For the specific context of Vietnam, we find that the private forest governance scenario is inferior to the community-based governance scenario, as an alternative to the current state-based governance. Because our results pertain to the scenarios as constructed, rather than generally to broad categories of governance regimes, there remains the possibility that regimes can be constructed that outperform all of those examined here.     

德国巴伐利亚州小规模私有林管理及其借鉴

目前我国集体林改革正向纵深发展,林业发达国家管理私有林好的经验和做法对完善我国私有林管理制度有重要借鉴意义。文章从政府如何管理私有林的角度考察了德国巴伐利亚州林业部门管理小规模私有林的体制、直接和间接两种不同管理方式、管理的三方面内容等,并结合我国私有林发展实际提出了相关政策建议。     

资源综合开发利用与国有林业采育场可持续发展──三明市陈大国有林业采育场经营策略的调整

本文在分析三明市陈大国有林业采育场生产经营面临问题的基础上 ,提出国有林业采育场要实现可持续发展 ,必须立足采育场资源的综合开发利用 ,在林业分类经营的基础上 ,加大采育场的森林旅游资源开发和林地资源的开发利用 ,同时加强企业的管理。     

应加强森林文态保护和管理

森林具有经济、生态、社会和文化功能。近年来,森林生态保护有了长足的发展,但也存在着对森林的社会、文化功能保护,即森林文态保护重视不够,相关发展滞后等问题。文章研究认为,我国社会经济发展已走向成熟推进和消费拉动阶段,森林文态保护是未来林业发展的关键,尤其是随着我国城市化水平的提高,城市森林文态保护是重点。文章最后建议,应把森林文态保护纳入森林立法和管理,加强林业发展规划,突出物质财富生产和精神财富生产的有机结合,促进森林文态保护和绿色文化的发展、管理。     

林业政策的制定与创新文献综述

搜集大量相关文献,分析比较了世界各国学者在林业政策方面进行的研究,介绍了世界主要国家林业政策的特点,就林业政策的制定、检验、评估的相关研究以及在森林管理实践中发展起来的社区森林模式、REDD机制和可持续森林管理理念进行了综述,最后阐述了少量学者在林业政策理论方面所做的研究。通过综述发现,对林业政策的评估与检验未形成有代表性的方法,对林业政策在实施环节的问题亦缺乏深入研究。     

世界林业经济管理研究的前沿与展望——基于国际林联第25届世界林业大会

国际林业研究组织联盟(IUFRO)第25届世界大会于2019年9月在巴西召开,大会的主题是"森林研究与合作促进可持续发展"。通过梳理此次大会中林业经济管理相关研究,从森林资源管理中的多部门协同合作,森林可持续经营中的生态功能转型,以及森林公园的生态系统服务三个角度,追踪林业经济管理研究领域的国际最新研究热点与进展,展示全球林业经济管理的研究现状与学科发展方向,并针对我国林业经济与管理的实践领域提供政策参考。     

读林沉思录——用科学发展观看林业

分析了造成中国森林粗放式经营的历史原因,回顾了50多年来大规模造林工程的历程,提出在森林经营中需要确立一个科学的指导林业建设理论,对稳定林业建设方针和实行集约化森林经营的重要性,介绍了生态经济理论应用于林业的生产实践和中国林业区划在林业发展战略研究中的作用,指出林业现代化的必由之路是实行集约化经营,实行森林经理是重要手段,重点国有林区应该由中央政府直接管理。     

借鉴国外经验 推进我国森林科学经营

阐述我国森林经营存在的问题。认为我国森林经营水平低的根源是忽视森林经营方案的编制工作。列举了联合国、俄罗斯、北欧国家、德国、新西兰在森林经营方面的经验,指出我国必须把森林经营工作作为林业最重要的基础工作摆在林业工作的议事日程上。要明确森林经营目标、把握森林经营方向、以行政手段推动科学的森林区划、以法律手段编制森林经营方案,国家林业主管部门要明确具体措施,明确推进森林分类经营的具体措施。     

21世纪南方四省(区)森林资源预测及管理政策

本文通过对广东、广西、湖南、湖北资源现状的分析 ,预测 2 1世纪南方四省 (区 )森林资源将不能实现可持续发展 ,不能满足社会的需求 ,分析森林资源存在的问题及制约资源发展的因素 ,提出提高林分生长量 ;提高林地利用率 ;提高造材率、出材率 ;节约使用资源 ;加强“三防”工作 ;进口木材等具体措施 ,并确实解决林业比较利益低、税费负担重的问题 ,走规模经营、产业化道路 ,森林资源才可能走上良性循环。     

国有林业可持续经营初探

国有林业采育场由于受自然因素以及人为因素制约 ,造成多年来超负荷经营 ,面临森林资源危机 ,资金危困。为摆脱当前困境必须走兼并的道路。重组的森林资源实行分类经营 ,实现国有林业的可持续经营     

试析私有林林农对补贴政策的偏好——基于南方集体林区农户调查问卷的分析

20世纪80年代初林业"三定"后,林农成为南方集体林区最基本的林业经营微观主体,其经营意愿的高低必将影响着林业经济的发展。对私有林进行补贴是激励林农提高其经营意愿,促进私有林健康持续发展的重要手段。补贴要起到激励林农的作用,首先必须设计出适合林农需要的补贴政策。通过问卷调查的方法来分析私有林林农对补贴政策的偏好状况,了解林农对补贴政策的需求,得出多数林农希望以直接发放现金的形式予以补助;最受偏好的补贴时间、补贴依据、现金补贴发放形式分别是造林之前、营林面积、直接在银行开设专用账户的结论。     

调整林场的林种结构,促进林场可持续经营

本文通过对林种树种结构的调整 ,改革林场旧的管理体制 ,建立新的管理体制 ,促进林杨的可持续经营。解放林场职工的思想 ,更换其观念 ,充分调动其积极性 ,使林场由单一的经济管理模式向混合型经济管理模式转化。