土地质量的概念及其评价指标体系研究

在综合分析相关组织和专家提出的土地质量概念基础之上,认为,土地质量是指满足人们不同土地需求的状况和条件,包括土壤、气候、生物和景观生态及其所决定的生态环境、生产潜力和承栽能力;土地质量指标体系应该包括3个方面：生态质量指标体系、生产质量指标体系和承栽质量指标体系,并以区域为单位,分别对未利用地、农用地和建设用地质量评价提出不同的指标体系。     

A holistic approach to land system dynamics – The Monfurado case in Alentejo,Portugal

Understanding land system dynamics is fundamental for policy-making from local to global scale. Land system is a combination of land use, land management and territorial practices. To attain such complete information about landscape structures is a challenging task. Aiming to deepen knowledge on land systems, we applied a methodology meant to achieve a broader understanding of dynamics in the Sítio de Monfurado (SM), a Natura 2000 site and holder of High Nature Value farming systems. To do so, we combined spatial analysis of land system changes with a participatory approach designated as Territory Game. While the spatial analysis shows little change in the SM land systems, the territory is perceived as fast-changing by the territorial actors (e.g., stakeholders with an explicit role in territorial development). At both scales, and in agreement with literature, we find trends of simplification and intensification in land systems, typically associated with the reduction of multifunctionality. The combination of both approaches contributed to the understanding of past changes, the drivers that induce such changes, how these are interpreted and, how to act upon them in the future. The proposed combined methodology can bring new useful insights for policy-makers, although scaling from local to broader scale remains a challenge.     

新型城镇化背景下的工业用地集约利用评价研究 ——以北京亦庄新城为例

研究目的：从微观层面进行工业用地的集约利用评价,为工业用地的合理布局和适度集约提供依据。研究方法：选取新城5大主导产业的土地利用强度、就业吸纳程度、投入产出效益、生态环境效益4类指标构建工业用地集约评价体系,运用统计分析法、层次分析法、多因素综合评价法进行数据处理和综合评价,归纳总结出不同产业的集约特点与类型。研究结果：电子信息产业属于人员密集适度集约型,汽车及交通设备产业属于资金密集低度集约型,装备制造产业属于人员聚集基本集约型,生物工程和医药产业属于高效产出适度集约型,都市产业属于人员密集基本集约型。研究结论：因循企业特点和新城的发展阶段,分别从招商源头、集群发展、企业用地多种模式、公共服务用地的配套布局4个方面促进新城产业用地的合理布局和集约利用。     

Critical analysis of the official Greek urban planning indicators of private uses

The aim of the article is to review the official Greek target indicators, i.e. those standards that are included in the current planning legislation (Official Government Gazette 285/D/5.3, 2004), and are used for the planning of private uses, such as manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, offices, and housing. The article elaborates on the general typology of urban indicators and, more specifically, it addresses the methodology for the calculation of target indicators. Part of this methodology is utilized for the evaluation of the official target indicators that are currently in force. This evaluation is mainly based on the comparison of target indicators with the respective state indicators of years 2004, 2008, and 2012, and is carried out for each category of private urban uses separately. The article concludes on the inappropriateness of the values legislated as target indicators, and stresses the need for their immediate revision.     

Environmental evaluation of agri-environment schemes using participatory approaches: Experiences of testing the Agri-Environmental Footprint Index

The Agri-Environment Footprint Index (AFI) has been developed as a generic methodology to assess changes in the overall environmental impacts from agriculture at the farm level and to assist in the evaluation of European agri-environmental schemes (AES). The methodology is based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and involves stakeholder participation to provide a locally customised evaluation based on weighted environmental indicators. The methodology was subjected to a feasibility assessment in a series of case studies across the EU. The AFI approach was able to measure significant differences in environmental status between farms that participated in an AES and non-participants. Wider environmental concerns, beyond the scheme objectives, were also considered in some case studies and the benefits for identification of unintentional (and often beneficial) impacts of AESs are presented. The participatory approach to AES evaluation proved efficient in different environments and administrative contexts. The approach proved to be appropriate for environmental evaluation of complex agri-environment systems and can complement any evaluation conducted under the Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. The applicability of the AFI in routine monitoring of AES impacts and in providing feedback to improve policy design is discussed.     

农村集体土地集约化经营方式的探讨

文章围绕国家“十二五”规划重点战略部署,按照实现新时期国土规划独创性和有用性的基本工作要求,以土地用途管制为基本平台,构建了国土发展空间类型体系这一全新空间组织理念。将土地资源配置规模、节约集约用地效益、耕地和生态空间保护与国土开发、利用、保护和整治等重大问题进行结合,提出了土地利用与国土空间优化的新思路。     

辽宁棕壤耕地质量评价及障碍因素类型分区研究

[目的]以土壤类型为基础,选取土壤管理、理化性质、土壤养分、剖面性状、立地条件和气候条件等6个方面14个指标对辽宁棕壤耕地质量进行综合评价,在分析主要障碍因素基础上,根据障碍因素组合类型的不同对辽宁棕壤耕地进行质量障碍因素类型分区。[方法]采用模糊数学法和层次分析法,利用障碍度模型对辽宁棕壤耕地质量障碍因素进行诊断,分析棕壤耕地质量障碍因素类型分区。[结果](1)辽宁棕壤耕地高等地、中等地和低等地,分别占棕壤耕地总面积的21.49%、59.18%和19.33%,耕地质量等级以中等地为主;(2)障碍因素组合类型共14种,根据障碍因素不同划分为3个耕地质量障碍因素类型区,即有机质障碍类型区、灌溉能力障碍类型区、质地障碍类型区,分别占棕壤耕地总面积的86.45%、10.75%和2.80%。[结论](1)针对障碍因素类型分区,提出各区以障碍因素为主的耕地质量保护与提升措施,从而保证粮食生产;(2)文章从耕地土壤类型角度研究耕地质量障碍因素类型分区及其利用策略,为耕地质量保护与提升研究提供新视角,为耕地资源分区利用与管护研究提供参考依据。     

Monitoring land governance: Understanding roots and shoots

Despite a growing interest among land use policymakers to identify the indicators that measure changes in land tenure systems, little consensus exists about what framework can functionally analyze land tenure systems, and how it should be developed. The existing indicators have mainly focused on measuring the “effects” of land tenure (in)security and often neglected the “causes”. Hence, comprehensive monitoring of land tenure systems has been poorly understood and practiced. Given their multifaceted meanings, land and its related concepts have been a challenging issue for policymakers. Accordingly, the overall objective of this paper was to propose a functional and analytical framework on how to study monitoring land governance from roots to shoots through five main studies: i) understanding the historical trajectories of land, ii) recognizing institutional arrangements on land, iii) identifying land governance grammar, iv) defining land governance typology, and v) assessing land use changes. In line with this objective, the general research question of this study is how and by whom a monitoring system should be developed. Overall, this study can be considered as a conceptual framework that has been designed to conceptualize, develop, build, and apply a functional and analytical framework for formulating land governance grammar to explain how access to land is governed. Unlike previous studies, this study focuses on both causes and effects of strong land governance (SLG) and weak land governance (WLG). The paper discusses that land governance allows various stakeholders to participate in government decisions and ensures the security of their livelihoods. However, land governance could be either poor or strong depending on the government decision-making process. The paper also concluded that SLG is a precondition for economic growth and poverty alleviation in rural areas of developing countries.     

基于熵值法的国土空间开发适宜性评价——以皖江城市带为例

在农业与生态环境约束和国土开发现状水平的基础上,运用土地利用总体规划中的规划指标来表征国土供给与约束水平,构建多层面的国土空间开发适宜性综合评价系统。在国土开发约束、国土开发程度和国土规划政策三个层面,利用熵值法计算指标权重,运用功效函数进行综合评价计算,得到皖江城市带的开发适宜性综合评价结果。研究表明:地级市的国土空间开发适宜性比县级城市高,且两者差异明显;国土空间开发适宜性与国民经济生产水平正相关。     

城市土地利用效益及新型城镇化指标遴选与体系重构

[目的]土地利用是城镇化进程中不容忽视的问题,在城乡融合发展的时代要求下,保证土地的高效利用,促进其与城镇化健康协调发展是需要瞩目的重要问题。构建指标体系是研究土地利用效益与新型城镇化耦合协调发展的重要步骤之一,通过整理总结已有指标体系指标选取频次及指标内涵分析,重构土地利用效益与新型城镇化测算指标体系。[方法]文章选取统计法及分析法,将近4年中CNKI数据库中核心期刊、CSSCI、CSCD、EI、SCI等期刊中有关土地利用效益与新型城镇化指标体系中指标出现频次进行筛选、统计、整理,同时辅以对所选指标的内涵的说明,频次与内涵并重,重新构建土地利用效益与新型城镇化评价指标体系。[结果]根据统计结果及指标内涵,将土地利用效益分为土地利用经济效益、社会效益、生态效益等3个准则层,将新型城镇化指标体系划分为经济城镇化、社会城镇化、人口城镇化、生态环境城镇化及城乡统筹发展5个准则层,并在此针对各准则层内涵,选取相关指标。[结论]得出土地利用效益与新型城镇化评价指标体系,为今后土地利用效益与新型城镇化研究中指标选取提供借鉴与参考。     

Land system change in Italy from 1884 to 2007: Analysing the North–South divergence on the basis of an integrated indicator framework

Over the past centuries, land systems in Italy experienced fundamental shifts, owing to the availability of new energy forms, population surges, and technological progress. The 20th century was characterized by massive productivity increases, accompanied by gradual land abandonment and the return of forest land. We here analyze 120 years of land system change in Italy, applying the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) framework, a metric for socio-economic pressures on terrestrial ecosystems. HANPP allows integrating ecological with societal perspectives, by systematically quantifying (a) biomass harvest and (b) the difference between potential productivity of ecosystems and current productivity induced by land use processes, such as land conversion, or land degradation. Besides assessing national trends we calculated HANPP separately for the Italian North and South between 1934 and 2007, in order to scrutinize if high regional discrepancies in terms of natural and socio-economic preconditions translate into diverging land system trajectories. Our results show that national HANPP has been declining from 78% of natural productivity before WWII to 56% in 2007, indicating a declining land -use induced pressure on biomass flows over time. Simultaneously, biomass harvest increased by around 26% due to agricultural intensification, despite shrinking croplands. Although we found a significant difference between the Northern and Southern region in the absolute levels of several land use indicators related to biomass appropriation, the overarching trends of land system change were remarkably similar in both regions. This suggests that underlying drivers of land system change, such as policies aimed at land-use intensification and structural change were equally dominating land system trajectories in the North and South of Italy, not withstanding their socio-ecological divergences.     

An evaluation framework for land readjustment practices

Land readjustment (LR) is an important technique used in a variety of countries to realize the development plans by converting rural land into urban land and providing city infrastructure. Although the main aim and the processes are similar around the world, each country has a different degree of success in the application of LR, which reveals the need for a comprehensive evaluation. However, the research to date has generally tended to focus on describing the main concepts such as the usage, principles, advantages, and disadvantages of the existing implementations rather than evaluating LR. A systematic approach, which provides an objective basis and removes subjectivity by identifying good practices and their indicators, is needed to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the LR process. In this article, we analyzed a wide range of ISI journal articles on LR to establish a framework and a methodology that will help evaluate and compare the national LR processes. The main contribution of this article is to build an awareness for the establishment of an internationally agreed methodology to evaluate the performance of a country's LR in a systematical way, which is currently not available in the literature.     

基于能值分析的耕地资源安全评价研究——以江苏省为例

能值分析理论应用于耕地资源安全评价方面,可克服传统研究方法在自然、社会及经济系统因子选择方面的不足,为更加全面地判别区域耕地资源安全程度及制定相应政策提供和实践依据。以江苏省为例,通过构建能值指标与传统指标相结合的耕地资源安全评价指标体系,对全省1996—2007年的耕地资源安全状态进行评价。结果表明,研究时段内江苏省耕地资源安全主要涉及较安全、临界安全两个区域,可以划分为两个阶段:①1996—2000年波动上升时期,综合评价指数从0.632波动上升到0.654的最高水平;②2000—2007年,综合评价指数从0.654逐渐降低到0.582,耕地资源安全水平在各外力的综合作用下呈现下降趋势。     

湖南省洞庭湖区中心城市土地集约利用评价

城市土地集约利用是一个综合的、动态的概念。根据地域特点构建了一套城市土地集约利用评价的指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,并运用多目标线性求和法综合评价了洞庭湖区中心城市土地集约利用状况。评价结果表明,研究区域城市土地集约利用基本达到要求,但土地资源潜力未充分发挥,因此从3个方面提出洞庭湖区中心城市土地利用的对策和建议。     

国家土地督察制度实施绩效评估的理论基础与指标体系构建

研究目的:建立国家土地督察制度实施绩效评估理论分析框架和指标体系。研究方法:文献资料法,头脑风暴法,德尔菲法,层次分析法(AHP),隶属度分析法和平衡记分卡法。研究结果:(1)以预期目标实现程度、组织运行及制度建设、土地督察制度实施效果和社会评价4个维度建立国家土地督察制度实施绩效评估理论分析框架;(2)筛选42个评估指标构建国家土地督察制度实施绩效评估指标体系。研究结论:建立评估理论分析框架和指标体系是开展国家土地督察制度实施绩效评估的基础和前提。     

耕地整理潜力评价指标体系研究

研究目的:构建耕地整理潜力评价指标体系可以定量反映和衡量通过耕地整理挖掘耕地利用的潜力,为土地整理专项规划、耕地整理项目设计提供科学依据.研究方法:理论分析法、专家咨询法.研究结果:从耕地整理的自然潜力和现实潜力两方面建立了评价指标体系,在界定指标内涵的基础上采用适宜的方法实现了指标的定量化.研究结论:耕地整理潜力可分为耕地整理的自然潜力和现实潜力.耕地整理自然潜力在评价时,主要从耕地整理扩展可利用空间、提高生产能力、降低生产成本、改善生态环境与调整产权关系5方面选取评价指标.耕地整理现实潜力在评价时,主要从待整理土地所处的社会经济区位、待整理土地本身的基础设施状况和区域耕地后备资源状况等方面选取评价指标.     

Unearthing ‘dead capital’: Heirs’ property prediction in two U.S. southern counties

Heirs’ property is a form of tenancy in common. It is typically inherited land passed to subsequent generations as intestate property, or property inherited outside of the formal probate process, without “clear title.” In economic terms, this form of property ownership can result in inefficient property uses, as owners tend to under-invest in such properties, owing to uncertainties regarding returns on investments. This, in turn, contributes to a diminution of wealth for affected families. Unclear titles also impede homeowners’ ability to apply for various forms of land and home improvement aid offered by federal agencies. As well, tenancies in common have the effect of intensifying already existing vulnerabilities of place, again, because constraints on homeowners’ access to equity make home improvements less likely.The magnitude of the heirs’ property phenomenon is not well-understood. Extant estimates are dated and often not verifiable; and no systematic means of identifying these parcels has been accepted. We present a methodology for assessing the accuracy of predictors typically used to identify heirs’ parcels using logistic models and data from a rural Appalachian county (Leslie County, KY) and a more urban Black Belt¹ county (Macon-Bibb County, GA). This is the first attempt to empirically examine these predictors. Year property was last sold and financial caretaker are the strongest predictors in both counties. Using these indicators, the percent of correctly predicted heirs’ parcels is about 67 percent in Leslie County and 48 percent in Macon-Bibb County. Applications of this methodology for national forest planning are discussed.     

地方政府农地非农化偏好方式选择的绩效评价理论模型

农地非农化作为城市土地的主要供给手段对城市和农村的兴衰及发展都有较大的影响,而许多地方政府在农地非农化的方式选择上却存在一定的盲目性,以致影响城乡的统筹发展.通过对征用和流转这两种农地非农化方式的绩效评价分析,归纳出地方政府农地非农化偏好方式选择的绩效评价标准,以土地结构效应、经济效应、公平效应为表现,制度经济学的方法为基础,初步提出了现行的地方政府农地非农化偏好方式选择的绩效评价指标体系,并进行了相应的理论分析,提出了相应的政策建议.     

Testing the orthodoxies of land degradation policy in Swaziland

This paper explores Swaziland's National Action Programme (NAP) to combat desertification; the country's main strategy for implementing the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). It considers whether this policy tackles real problems supported by micro-level scientific evidence and local experiences, or whether it further reinforces popular orthodoxies about land degradation. Data from one case study chiefdom in Swaziland are used to test two key orthodoxies identified within the country's NAP: (1) the presentation of degradation as a neo-Malthusian problem resulting from population pressure and (2) the assumption that the poor are responsible for degradation of their environment, in particular, the over-use of forest areas and the degradation of soils. It is found that diverse rural livelihoods inherently deliver patches of degradation at the micro-level but it is not necessarily population pressure or poor people that cause the degradation. Households with varying assets simultaneously degrade and conserve different parts of the land resource through pursuing different livelihood activities. The data indicate that while the NAP focuses on mythical problems grounded in the orthodoxies, policy attention is directed away from the more serious land degradation issues affecting rural livelihoods. The findings of this study provide a more nuanced understanding of the gaps between land degradation policy, local conservation practice and environmental and livelihood outcomes, and suggest that policymakers need to evaluate more critically the outdated and simplistic degradation orthodoxies on which much current policy is based. Stronger links need to be made between scientific and policymaking communities, while more credence should be given to land users’ own knowledges, perspectives, concepts and categories surrounding issues of soil conservation and degradation. It is suggested that steps need to be taken towards the development of broadly applicable benchmarks and indicators that bring together local and scientific knowledges across levels. Without this, popularised orthodoxies will continue to provide a basis for inappropriate land policy.     

产粮大县农民种粮意愿评价分析和对策研究——以黑龙江省龙江县为例

[目的]文章选取黑龙江省产粮大县——龙江县的调研统计数据,了解农民种粮积极性不足的态势以及影响农民种粮意愿的主要因素,为保障粮食安全和农村土地制度改革提供政策建议。[方法]采用改进层次分析法(IAHP)构建了3个层次、11个指标的种粮意愿评价体系,对影响龙江县农民种粮意愿的主要因素进行分析和判别,对农户种粮意愿状况进行评价。[结果]从农户基本情况、农户土地状况、粮食价格及种植成本和政策及外部环境等4个层面对农业劳动力数量、种粮收入、非农收入、自有土地面积、租入土地面积、租入土地变化情况、预计粮食价格增长幅度、每公顷种植成本、种粮补贴、保险投入和受自然灾害面积等11个评价指标进行定量分析和实证判别。研究表明,其中粮食价格增长幅度、租入土地面积、每公顷种植成本、种粮补贴、自有土地面积等5项指标权重值分列前5位,对农民种粮意愿影响比较显著。参与调研的135户农户中影响种植意愿综合评价指数分布在[0.19,0.72],其中129户分布于区间[0.4,0.7)中,这表明2019年绝大多数农民种粮意愿一般。[结论]通过对研究区域农民种粮意愿及主要影响因素分析,有针对性地提出对策建议,为提高农民种粮意愿提供政策决策依据,同时也为提高其他地区农民种粮积极性提供参考借鉴。