青海扶贫开发的难点与战略探究

反贫困是现代社会面临的重大课题。青海的贫困源于能力贫困,扶贫的难点在于贫困人口的劳动能力无法保持可持续发展。单纯依靠物质资本投资的“输血”型扶贫战略无法从根本上解决青海的贫困问题。确立能使贫困者的脱贫能力持续增长的“造血型”战略是青海扶贫开发的理性选择。     

浅论中国经济发展的周期性及投资策略

中国经济发展具有周期性。在一个完整的经济周期中,不光有通货膨胀和通货紧缩,还存在着经济的四季：复苏、繁荣、衰退和萧条。根据经济周期进行投资,周期性就可能实现财富的阶梯式增长。     

The effect of rural labor migration on poverty alleviation: a village-level study in China

The construction of the new socialist countryside is being carried out in China nowadays. Although lots of successful experience has been gotten, different problems occur in various regions yet. To analyze the relationships among rural labor migration, poverty alleviation and characteristics of migrants is important in considering the effect of rural labor migration on the construction of the new socialist countryside. Available sampling and typical case study are adopted and 236 questionnaires are collected from[bur villages in northwest GuangxL China, Daxin Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyze the rural labor migration status, characteristics of migrants, remittance situation and income, household income and the ratio of remittance income to total household income. A bout 2/3 of the households have migrants in surveyed villages. And nearly half of the migration households have only one fam- ily member as migrants in the four villages. The migrants mainly comprise male and the younger, with the education level of junior middte school and higher More than half of the migrants are employed in Guangdong Province. But the characteristics of migrants in Yongchang are more diverse. The rural labor migration in the village is extremely active and extensive. And over 60% of the household with family members as migrants have remittance income. The rate in Yongchang is extremely high (80%). And the income of households with migrants getting remittance income significantly higher than their counterparts. More than half of their income comes from remittance as far as the former kind of household is concerned And in Yongchang, the rate is nearly 80%. The conclusion is that rural labor migration is popular and extensive in lots of villages. And the migration and remittance play an important role in rural household income, especially in some poor villages. For this kind of village, the rural labor migration may be some compulsory course in rural development. And the rural labor emigration is an essential way in poverty al-leviation. This is the first step in the construction of the new socialist countryside.     

The World Bank and the persistence of poverty in poor countries

William Easterly has written a book about why extensive development assistance over the course of decades failed to alleviate poverty in poor countries. As an economist at the World Bank, Easterly observed how resources and advice provided by the Bank failed to improve the lives of the poor in poor countries. Easterly considers different explanations for the development failures. He places the blame for persistence of poverty in poor countries on governments and political elites, who use their poor as hostages to personally benefit from aid resources and debt relief.     

Blockchain and investment: An Austrian approach

The Review of Austrian Economics - Investment is a function of expected profit, which involves calculation of the cost of trust. Blockchain technology is a new institutional technology (Davidson et...     

The oil price increase and the alleviation of poverty: Income distribution in Caracas,Venezuela, in 1966 and 1975

Two Caracas household budget surveys are used to compare household and individual income distributions. Real 1975 incomes are derived from income-specific price indexes. Minimum food budgets define destitution and poverty levels. During 1966–1975 mean real income rose substantially, especially among the rich. The fraction poor declined markedly, but mean income did not rise for those remaining poor. The poor's share of income growth came entirely from reduction in the number of poor, and exceeded their 1966 income share. The poverty gap expanded with population growth but shrank in per capita terms and relative to total income.     

Foreign direct investment and bilateral investment treaties: An international political perspective

This paper investigates the effect of the implementation of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) on the bilateral stocks of foreign direct investment (FDI). We argue that the understanding of how BITs affect FDI requires recognizing that multinational enterprises (MNEs) are not Stateless and that their investment return may well depend on the quality of political relations between the home and host countries. Using bilateral FDI data and event data to measure political interactions between countries, we show that the effect of the entry into force of a BIT crucially depends on the quality of political relations between the signatory countries; it increases FDI more between countries with tense relationships than between friendly countries. We also find evidence that BITs and good domestic institutions are complementary. BITs should therefore be understood as a mechanism for host governments to credibly commit not to expropriate investors in the future.     

Return on investment: benefits and challenges of baccalaureate nurse residency program

There are high rates of turnover among graduate nurses within the first year of employment. As the costs of recruitment and orientation have increased, employers are examining new strategies for increasing retention among this population. The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, partnered with an academic institution and University Health Consortium to apply an implementation strategy where graduate nurses participate in a year-long residency program. The residents attended monthly sessions that addressed pertinent needs of the group. During this 1-year period turnover decreased from 50% to 13% and return on investment was 326.5%.     

Financial development and poverty in developing countries: a causal analysis

This article empirically examines the possible causal links between financial development and poverty in developing countries. To this end, we apply a modified form of traditional Granger causality tests to suit the short times series that are available. We conclude that the evidence supports the hypothesis that in the period of the 1970s–1980s financial development, measured by liquid assets of the financial system as a share of GDP or by money and quasi money as a percentage of GDP, leads to the reduction of moderate poverty. These results do not appear for the period of the 1980s–1990s or when financial development is measured by the ratio of the value of credits granted by financial intermediaries to the private sector to GDP, whereas they seem to be strengthened by using summary measures of financial development. Likewise, our analysis does not show any evidence of Granger causality from poverty to financial development.     

Corruption and term limits: An investment approach

In many developing countries, there seems to be more corruption. In this paper, an explanation is proposed. It is argued that term limitations give presidents the incentives to increase their personal income in the present period by diverting resources that could be used for the production of public goods. Under a term limitation, such an opportunity will not appear again.     

The approach to transforming the traditional agricultural economy: a research on the multiple paths of poverty alleviation and transformation in rural China

Transforming a traditional agricultural economy into a modern economy is one of the main themes in economic development. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper finds out that the key to transformation is to raise the economic value of people, to improve human capital investment and to match the stocks of physical and human capital. China’s rural economy is on the edge of economic take-off, and different zones may pursue different paths for transformation. The source of rural poverty is not the scarcity of income or consumption, but the deficiency of education, social security, medical care and economic opportunity, which we define as “capability poverty”. __________ Translated from The Journal of World Economy (世界经济), 2005,(2) (in Chinese)     

多边投资框架:趋势与评价

根据2001年12月WTO多哈部长宣言,多边投资框架谈判将在第五届部长会议之后启动,距今只有不到两年的时间。无论情愿与否,WTO成员国不得不为这一谈判做好准备。关于指导FDI的国际投资框架应该如何规划的问题,不同的国家有不同的观点和方法。在全球化迅速发展的世界经济中,国际上对FDI所讨论的问题也越来越广泛。那些在目前较少受到关注的问题,将会得到越来越多的重视。而且,值得指出的是,国际社会已对需要处理的主要问题取得了广泛共识。本文对我国政府决策部门和有关企业了解将要全面启动的多边投资框架谈判,积极参与多边投资框架的设计和拟定工作,制定相关的对策,具有非常重要的参考意义。     

外国直接投资与我国的国际收支风险问题

在我国目前银行存款大于贷款,外汇资金亦比较充裕的情况下,我国吸收外国直接投资的现实基础是否发生了改变?2004年3月,中国社科院世界经济研究所组织了一场题为“中国利用外资的回顾与反思”的座谈会。会议纪要称,“到2003年底,我国银行存款大于贷款49059亿元人民币,比1994年放大了近13.2倍,并且我国目前的外汇资金也比较充裕”,得出了“我国为弥补资金短缺而引资的现实基础已经改变,引资理论亟待修正”的主要结论,以此为导火索,引发了新一轮关于利用外资的争论。作为争论的焦点之一,利用外资与我国的国际收支风险问题再度引起了大家的关注…     

A case of multinational oligopoly in poor countries: Oil refinery investment in East Africa

Why East Africa's two oil refineries were built and how they fit into a pattern of postwar refinery investments are discussed, illustrating that multinational corporations make import-substitution investments in LDCs as parts of games played for shares of ‘imperfect’ markets. Repeatedly facing similar situations, these firms repeat succesful strategies, thereby yielding the pattern of cases. Estimates of East African refining profitability are also presented within the context of the opportunity cost of obtaining local manufacturing as a byproduct of competition within a multinational oligopoly.     

跨国公司对我国装备制造业的投资及其对经济安全的影响(下)

在上篇(刊载于本刊上期--编者注)中,分别从通用设备制造业吸收外资的状况、外资控制情况、独资化趋势、投资动机和市场结构等方面,评估了跨国公司对我国通用设备制造业经济安全的影响.本篇集中研究跨国公司对我国专用设备制造业的投资和经济安全的影响.     

The poor outside the lamplight: on the prevalence of poverty among population groups not included in household surveys

Poverty rate calculations are often based on household surveys that exclude some of the groups most vulnerable to poverty such as the homeless. This paper documents the nature of the excluded groups and the quantitative importance of their omission for the Czech Republic. Our study combines European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for 2011 with information from the 2011 Population Census. Our preferred estimate indicates an increase in the poverty rate by almost one percentage point. The paper contributes to accurately identifying the most vulnerable members of the society, which is essential for setting effective social policies.     

Incentives for investment in energy efficiency: an econometric evaluation and policy implications

Technical studies suggest that there exist many opportunities to improve energy efficiency, and that a substantial proportion is profitable by current business standards. This study deals with the question why so many of these profitable opportunities are not used. Reasons for not implementing profitable opportunities are idetified, and their effect is estimated on the basis ofa survey among Dutch firms, designed specifically for this study. The reasons that prevail indicate what policy measures may accompany energy taxes in the pursuit of energy efficiency improvement. In addition, energy efficiency elasticities are estimated, as well as the factors that determine the elasticities. These too indicate opportunities for government policy, if it wants to improve the effectiveness of energy taxes.