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1.
Satish P. Deshpande 《Journal of Business Ethics》1996,15(3):315-320
This study examines the ethical climate and ethical practices of successful managers (n=206 managers) of a large non-profit organization. The influence of different dimensions of ethical climate on perceived ethical practices of successful managers were also investigated. Results show that a majority of the respondents perceive successful managers as ethical. Compared to previous research, managers in our sample were less optimistic about the relationship between success and ethical behavior. Those who believed that their organization had a caring climate perceived a strong positive link between success and ethical behavior. Those who believed that their organization had an instrumental climate perceived a strong negative link between success and ethical behavior.
Satish Deshpande is an Associate Professor of Management at Haworth College of Business, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. He teaches human resource management courses. His current research interests include business ethics, managerial decision-making, and applied psychology in human resource issues. His publications include articles in the Academy of Management Journal, Compensation and Benefits Review, Human Relations, Journal of Small Business Management, and Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 相似文献
2.
This study examines perceptions of ethical climate and ethical practices in a sample of Polish organizations and the relationship between ethical climate and behaviors believed to be associated with successful managers. A survey of Polish managerial employees (N = 200) indicated that “efficiency” was the most reported, and “professionalism” was the least reported ethical climate type. A majority of the respondents (61.5 %) perceived successful managers as being ethical, and in particular, those that believed that their organization had a “professionalism” and “independence” climate perceived a strong positive link between success and ethical behavior. Implications of these findings are then discussed. 相似文献
3.
This study investigated employee perceptions of ethical climates in a sample of Russian organizations and the relationship between ethical climate and behaviors believed to characterize successful managers. A survey of managerial employees in Russia (n = 136) indicates that "rules" was the most reported and "independence" was the least reported ethical climate type. Those who perceived a strong link between success and ethical behavior report high levels of a "caring" climate and low levels of an "instrumental" climate. Implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed. 相似文献
4.
This study focused on the effects of individual characteristics and exposure to ethics education on perceptions of the linkage
between organizational ethical practices and business outcomes. Using a stratified sampling approach, 817 students were randomly
selected from a population of approximately 1310 business students in an AACSB accredited college of business. Three hundred
and twenty eight of the subjects were freshmen, 380 were seniors, and 109 were working managers and professionals enrolled
in a night-time MBA program. Overall, the respondents included 438 male students and 379 female students. Exposure to ethics
in the curriculum had a significant impact on student perceptions of what should be the ideal linkages between organizational
ethical practices and business outcomes. Gender based differences were found with female students having a higher expectation
regarding what should be the “ethics practices and business outcomes” link. Exposure to ethics in the curriculum had a positive
moderating influence on the gender-based effects on perceptions of ideal ethical climate. The interaction effect showed that
exposure to ethical education may have a positive impact on males and allow them to catch up with females in their ethical
sensitivities concerning the ideal linkage between organizational ethical behavior and business outcomes. Further, consistent
with the literature, the study found that gender differences in ethical attitudes regarding the ideal ethical climate, while
significant for undergraduates, appeared to narrow considerably for the working professionals who were part-time MBA students.
Harsh Luthar is an Associate Professor of Management at Bryant University. He received his Ph.D. from Virginia Polytechnic
University, Pamplin College of Business, in the Department of Management. His research interests include international differences
and cross-cultural issues impacting global human resource practices, ethical attitudes of students, and the nature of spiritual
leadership.
Ranjan Karri is an Assistant Professor of Management at Bryant University. He received his Ph.D. in strategic management from
Washington State University. His research interests include corporate and business strategies, enterpreneurship, ethical leadership
and corporate governance. 相似文献
5.
This study examines factors impacting ethical behavior of 208 employees of a Chinese state-owned steel company. Only rules
climate had a significant impact on ethical behavior of respondents. Other ethical climate types such as professional, caring,
instrumental, independence, and efficiency did not impact ethical behavior of respondents. Ethical behavior of peers, ethical
behavior of successful managers, and overclaiming had a significant impact on ethical behavior of subjects. 相似文献
6.
This study investigated students’ perceptions of ethical organizational climates, attitudes towards ethical issues, and the
perceived relationship between ethical behavior and success in business organizations. Comparisons were made between the attitudes
of these future managers with previously published studies of Russian managers’ attitudes. A survey of 100 business students
in three Moscow universities showed that their attitudes toward ethical behavior were more negative than those of Russian
managers. No significant differences were found in the perceptions or attitudes of students who had attended an ethics course
and those that did not. The implications for both managers and researchers were reported. 相似文献
7.
This research article analyses the influence of micro-enterprise (ME) managers’ perception of their relationship to their
environment on the nature of their ethics. We carried out a survey with the head managers of 125 French MEs, providing a large
set of primary data. Two types of variables were defined: (1) variables related to the nature and intensity of the relationships
between ME managers and their social environment, and (2) variables related to the ethical framework that the managers used.
The results of univariate and bivariate analyses show significant statistical relationships between the variables that indicated
perceived embeddedness in the community and ethical variables. This result underlines the idea that “communities of ethics”
may have an important influence in MEs. 相似文献
8.
This article critically evaluates current developments in marketing fair trade labelled products and “no sweat” manufactured
goods, and argues that both the fair trade and ethical trade movements increasingly rely on strategies for bottom-up change,
converting consumers “one cup at a time”. This individualistic approach, which we call “shopping for a better world”, must,
we argue, be augmented by more collectivist approaches to affect transformative change. Specifically, we look at the concept
of mission-driven organizations pursuing leadership roles in developing affinity relationships to promote fair and ethical
trade and developing ethical spaces. Increasingly, a range of organizations are restructuring their operations, so that their
mission is reflected in ethical practices throughout their operations, including product sourcing and product sales. First,
ethical purchasing policies operated by non-profits and public agencies represent markets through which fair/ethical products
reach end consumers. The efforts discussed to create ethical spaces through direct democracy and electoral mandate build on
a broad-based affinity with the principles of fair and ethical trade. Second, we explore the potential for “mission-driven”
non-profit organizations, such as zoos and aquaria for merging their mission of conservation education with their marketing
activities through the operation of their shops and cafés. Interesting initiatives to link the conservation message to food
choices is being undertaken by a number of zoos and aquaria, while there is scope for increased linkages in the giftware sold
in their shops. 相似文献
9.
Bahtışen Kavak Eda Gürel Canan Eryiğit Öznur Özkan Tektaş 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,88(1):115-135
This study investigates the possible effects of self-concept, self-monitoring, and moral development level on dimensions of
consumers’ ethical attitudes. “Actively benefiting from illegal activities,” “actively benefiting from deceptive practices,”
and “no harm/no foul 1–2” are defined by factor analysis as four dimensions of Turkish consumers’ ethical attitudes. Logistic
regression analysis is applied to data collected from 516 Turkish households. Results indicate that self-monitoring and moral
development level predicted consumer ethics in relation to “actively benefiting from questionable practices” and “no harm/no
foul” dimensions. Actual self-concept is also a predictor variable in relation to “no harm/no foul” dimension. Age and gender
make significant differences in consumers’ ethical attribute dimensions. 相似文献
10.
11.
This study examines factors impacting organizational commitment of 214 employees working at a Chinese state-owned steel company.
Ethical behavior of peers and ethical behavior of successful managers had a significant impact on organizational commitment.
The four facets of job satisfaction (pay, coworker, supervision, and work itself) had a significant impact on organizational
commitment. Respondent’s age also significantly impacted organizational commitment. Perceptions of ethical behavior of successful
managers, satisfaction with work, and gender were significantly correlated with social desirability bias. 相似文献
12.
This paper examines ethical issues involved in the mass marketing of securities to individuals. The marketing of products
deemed “socially questionable” or “sinful” (like tobacco and alcohol) has long been recognized as posing special ethical challenges
(Kotler, P. and S. Levy: 1971, Harvard Business Review
49, 74–80; Davidson, D. K: 1996, Selling Sin: The Marketing of Socially Unacceptable Products (Quorum Press, Westport). We contend that marketers should consider securities (i.e. common stock, options) in a similar
vein, as a potentially dangerous product. Given the inherent volatility of equity prices, responsible marketers need to exercise
caution and restraint in promoting securities. We evaluate whether the NYSE’s current guidelines adequately encourage ethical
marketing practices and deter unethical ones. Using recent examples of controversial brokerage advertisements, we expose weaknesses
in the Exchange’s vague injunction that members not “mislead” reasonable people by making “exaggerated claims” in their communications.
From a moral perspective, we find it troublesome that intentionality need not be present for a promotion to be considered
misleading. Also problematic is the continued invocation of the reasonable person standard to judge the propriety of advertisements.
We close with some thoughts on improving the quality of securities marketing. We suggest that the NYSE, in the interests of
fostering higher ethical behavior among member marketers, may need to revive a marketing code of conduct prevalent on Wall
Street in an earlier era. 相似文献
13.
Mitchell J. Neubert Dawn S. Carlson K. Michele Kacmar James A. Roberts Lawrence B. Chonko 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,90(2):157-170
This study examines a moderated/mediated model of ethical leadership on follower job satisfaction and affective organizational
commitment. We proposed that managers have the potential to be agents of virtue or vice within organizations. Specifically,
through ethical leadership behavior we argued that managers can virtuously influence perceptions of ethical climate, which
in turn will positively impact organizational members’ flourishing as measured by job satisfaction and affective commitment
to the organization. We also hypothesized that perceptions of interactional justice would moderate the ethical leadership-to-climate
relationship. Our results indicate that ethical leadership has both a direct and indirect influence on follower job satisfaction
and affective commitment. The indirect effect of ethical leadership involves shaping perceptions of ethical climate, which
in turn, engender greater job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. Furthermore, when interactional justice
is perceived to be high, this strengthens the ethical leadership-to-climate relationship. 相似文献
14.
We live in an increasingly globalizing world, in which countries are closely linked by international trade and investment
ties. Cross-cultural comparative studies of national values and ethics have attracted growing research interest in recent
years, because shared practices, values and ethical standards depend on shared beliefs. However, the findings of such studies
have been unable to reach a consensus on the impact of culture on ethics-related attitudes and behavior. Empirically, many
“cross-cultural” differences reported by previous studies might actually stem from cross-national differences. In order to
partially fill this gap, this study advocates an analytical framework that isolates the role of cultural and national differences
in order to test their relationship to individual level variables. Within this framework, we test␣competing hypotheses based
on both cultural and national contexts by comparing groups of Chinese and American respondents together with a “bridging group”
of Chinese Chinese-Americans. Theoretically, this contextual approach helps resolve the debate on the role of␣culture, by
showing that culture plays a far more important role in shaping value orientations than the national background. Specifically,
the two ethnic Chinese groups had many cultural values in common, and differed significantly from the Caucasian group. Implications
are discussed. 相似文献
15.
This paper examines the perceived ethical values of Malaysian managers. It is based on the opinions of 15 hypothetical ethical/unethical business situations from the 81 managers who agreed to participate in the survey. The findings of this study showed that these Malaysian managers have high ethical values. However 53% of the respondents believed that the ethical standards of today are lower than that of 15 years ago. Apparently, this is related to the existence of many unethical business practices prevalent in the modern business world. The behavior of one's immediate superior is the most important factor in influencing managers to commit unethical practices. The results also indicate only a slight variation among the managers in terms of perceived ethical values by virtue of job position, job specialization, type of business activity or the size of the business organization.A. R. M. Zabid is Head of Department, Department of Management and Marketing, University Pertanian Malaysia. He obtained his Doctorate in Management. He also teaches the course entitled Current Issues in Malaysian Management in the Bachelor and MBA Programs. His current research interest includes business ethics and social responsibility in Malaysia.S. K. Alsagoff is lecturer in Computer Science and Information Technology, Department of Management and Marketing, University Pertanian Malaysia. He obtained his Ph.D., and currently teaches courses in Data Processing and Computer in the Bachelor and MBA Programs. His research interests include computer modelling and business ethics. 相似文献
16.
We address a previous finding in the business ethics literature in which accounting professionals in higher rank levels, i.e.,
“manager” or “partner” of auditing firms, appear to have lower moral reasoning ability than their junior counterparts. Prior
investigations have relied upon a similar methodology for estimating ethical beliefs, namely testing “moral reasoning ability”
using either the Moral Judgment Interview or Defining Issues Test. In the present study, we use a multiple vignettes approach
to test for the existence of the inverse rank-ethical beliefs effect. With only 2 of the 30 vignettes resulting in both managers
and partners being more accepting of the ethically charged behaviors, the results presented here using this alternative methodology
are generally not supportive of the inverse rank-ethical beliefs phenomenon. We also use a multivariate analysis in order
to control for demographic characteristics. Our results suggest that the most robust predictor of ethical attitudes among
accounting practitioners is age, not rank within a firm. 相似文献
17.
Business Ethics Index: Measuring Consumer Sentiments Toward Business Ethical Practices 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The present study describes the development of an ongoing and systematic index to measure consumers’ sentiments towards business
ethical practices. The Business Ethics Index (BEI) is based on the well established measurements of consumer sentiments, namely
the ICS (Index of Consumer Sentiment) and CBCCI (Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index). The BEI is comprised of 4 measurements
representing the dimensions of “personal-vicarious” and “past-future.” Data from 503 telephone interviews were used to calculate
a BEI of 107. This indicates an overall positive consumer sentiment towards the ethical behavior of business. Future calculations
of the BEI are planned which will allow for the estimation of the latent dynamics of trends in consumer sentiments toward
American business ethics. 相似文献
18.
Organizational Role and Environmental Uncertainty as Influences on Ethical Work Climate in Military Units 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In addition to a person’s character and training, the organization’s ethical work climate (EWC) can assess how the organization
influences an individual’s ethical decision-making process by examining the individuals’ perception of “what is the right
thing to do” in a particular organizational environment. Relatively little research has explored which EWCs dominate military
units and the impact of organizational role and environmental uncertainty on individuals in the military and their ethical
decision making. In this study, we examined the predominant EWCs among military units and found that certain organizational
influences are associated with the specific EWCs. Based on these discoveries, we discuss the implications of EWC studies and
the influence of organizational role and environmental uncertainty for researchers, as well as military leaders. 相似文献
19.
Disclosure of medical and errors to patients has been increasingly mandated in the U.S. and Canada. Thus, some health systems
are developing formal disclosure policies. The present study examines how disclosure training may impact staff and the organization.
We argue that organizations that support “disclose and apologize” activities, as opposed to “deny and defend,” are demonstrating
values-based ethics. Specifically, we hypothesized that when health care clinicians are trained and supported in error disclosure,
this may signal a values-based ethical environment, and staff may be more committed to the organization. We surveyed 325 clinical
care providers employed by a large hospital that had recently begun implementing disclosure policies and training. Disclosure
training explained significant variance in perceptions of the ethical environment, and the ethical environment mediated the
relationship between disclosure training and organizational commitment. Although this study explored disclosure of medical
errors, organizational support for error disclosure is a concept that could be relevant for many types of organizations. 相似文献
20.
The emerging concern about software piracy and illegal or unauthorized use of information technology and software has been
evident in the media and open literature for the last few years. In the course of conducting their academic assignments, the
authors began to compare observations from classroom experiences related to ethics in the use of software and information
technology and systems. Qualitatively and anecdotally, it appeared that many if not most, students had misconceptions about
what represented ethical and unethical behaviors in these realms. Clearly, one can argue that if college students are uncertain
about what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate behavior then this uncertainty will be carried forward into their workplaces
upon graduation. Furthermore, if their workplaces don't provide ethics training as a component of a new employee orientation
program, one can project a potential for unintentional violations and infringements of copyrights and law in the field. This
study was conducted among graduate and undergraduate students to gain insight into their attitudes, perceptions and understanding
of some of the relevant ethics issues. A questionnaire of 11 statements was employed that described ubiquitous but most likely
unethical (or surely dubious) behaviors in the prevailing business and academic environments. Each respondent was asked to
evaluate each statement twice (once for “self” and once for “colleague”) on a five-option highly ethical (5) to neutral (3)
to highly unethical (1) scale. The statements were worded such that lower instrument score was associated with higher ethical
responses. The questionnaire's two-part structure was designed to solicit honest answers. The encouraging learning from this
study was that the overall sample and its various sub-samples did not consider any of the eleven behaviors to be “ethical”
or “highly ethical.” It was also encouraging to note that the overall sample and all sub-samples considered “highly unethical”
those behaviors associated with personal privacy or property or outright theft. This indicated that moral judgment and probity
prevail. The discouraging learning was that behaviors associated with the use of enterprise property were viewed as “neutral”
i.e., neither “ethical” nor “unethical.” These findings suggested confusion and lack of clarity and definition around workplace
deportment as it regards ethics in software and information technology use. The current study suggests that additional research
needs to be conducted to define and clarify the issues, which in turn can form the basis for programs to rectify or at least
ameliorate the situation. 相似文献