黑龙江省生态文明建设现状及对策分析

文章从生态环境、经济发展、社会进步3个方面选取了16个核心指标,构建了黑龙江省生态文明建设评价指标体系,并确定了权重,分析了黑龙江省生态文明建设现状变化,由此发现目前黑龙江省生态文明建设方面仍存在生态文明建设责任设置分散、绿色产业结构改革发展缓慢、生态文明建设资金来源单一和生态文明理念尚未全面形成等问题,并从政府的角度提出了相应的可行性对策。     

黑龙江省农业综合开发评价及发展模式探讨

[目的]发展现代农业是促进我国经济社会快速发展的必然要求,结合当下现代化农业的发展情况,对黑龙江省农业综合开发进行评价,探讨多种农业发展的模式,为加快黑龙江省城镇化进程提供助力,为黑龙江省发展现代农业提供理论依据。[方法]通过实地调查法和文献查阅法对相关的研究内容进行汇总和分析。采用层次分析法(AHP)从基础资源设施、科技应用、生态建设、经济效益、政府管理、农村发展6个方面23个指标对黑龙江省农业综合开发进行评价,结合现代农业发展的趋势和黑龙江省农业业态配置情况,为黑龙江省未来农业发展模式提出建议。[结果]黑龙江省农业综合开发的评价指标体系中,生态建设和经济效益方面的权重值比较大,均为0.281 6;而农村发展、基础资源设施和政府管理水平有待提高。综合来看,黑龙江省农业综合开发整体较好,但是在其他方面存在发展不均衡的现象。[结论]黑龙江省农业综合开发进程良好,在农业发展中,基础资源设施、政府管理水平和农村发展水平都有待提高。今后,政府应该加强管理,重视生态文明建设,优化产业结构,发展"农业+生态"、"农业+旅游"、"农业+产业"等多种农业综合发展模式,促进黑龙江省农业更快速地发展,进而提升黑龙江省整体的城镇化水平。     

生态文明建设评价指标体系研究

通过对构建生态文明建设评价指标体系的理论分析,在充分比较、筛选和反复论证的基础上,从思想教化、生态文化、生态经济、生态环境、生态社会和保障体系6个层面,选取了25个评价指标,构建了生态文明建设评价指标体系。以黑龙江省为例,通过抽样访谈和问卷调查的方式,对难以获取数据的思想教化层面进行了专门的调研。结果表明:黑龙江省生态文明宣传教育普及率、居民生态文明习惯养成率较高,但生态文明行为与思想存在差距;公众对生态环境的满意度不高;城乡居民生态文明意识有所提高,生态文明情感较深厚,但生态文明知识储备不足。黑龙江省生态文明建设情况虽然逐年好转,但各层面发展不均衡,思想教化、生态文化及生态社会层面急需加强。     

基于PSR模型的生态文明建设评价研究——以安徽省为例

文章基于生态系统视角,引入"压力—状态—响应"(PSR)模型,构建了包括3个子系统9个方面合计35个指标的生态文明建设评价体系,对安徽省2008~2014年生态文明建设进行综合评价。研究结果显示,安徽省的生态文明建设仍属于低均衡型,主要存在生态制度建设不完善、财政投入不足、产业结构不合理、民众生态意识薄弱等问题。借鉴国内外生态文明建设经验,提出促进安徽省生态文明建设的对策建议。     

国家重点生态功能区生态文明建设评价——以贵州省荔波县为例

国家重点生态功能区承担着国家层面的重要生态功能,生态系统脆弱、生态区位重要,推进国家重点生态功能区生态文明建设,有利于构建国家生态安全屏障,有利于探索绿色、和谐发展的新道路。为科学指导国家重点生态功能区生态文明建设,开展生态文明建设评价十分必要。研究借鉴国内当前生态文明建设评价相关研究成果,结合国家生态功能区生态文明建设的内涵,构建了以经济发展与民生改善、资源能源节约利用、生态建设和环境保护、生态文明意识与文化、生态文明体制机制等5个方面为准则层、33项指标层组成的国家重点生态功能区生态文明建设评价指标体系,并对其近年生态文明建设情况进行了评价。综合评价结果显示,2014年荔波县国家重点生态功能区生态文明建设已完成2020的目标值的77.02%,较2013年有明显提升,但在生态文化培育与生态文明体制机制创新等方面还存在不足。并依据评价结果,分别尝试从经济发展、民生改善、生态文明文化与机制体制建设等方面提出了荔波县国家重点生态功能区加强生态文明建设的对策与建议,以期为其继续推进生态文明建设提供依据与参考。     

基于可视化的乡村水生态文明评价指标体系构建

目的 水生态文明评价指标体系是衡量地区水生态文明建设水平,引导水生态文明建设方向的基础。探索构建适用于乡村的水生态文明建设评价指标体系,以期为乡村水生态文明建设提供理论基础。方法 文章利用文献计量可视化分析工具CiteSpace绘制水生态文明研究关键词知识图谱,研究当前水生态文明研究发展进展,建立第一层指标评价框架,同时以评价乡村水生态文明现状和未来水生态文明发展为出发点,通过关键文献指标高频统计和主观补充筛选出适合于乡村实际的具体指标,采用层次分析法和线性加权法建立了乡村水生态文明评价模型。结果 建立了以“水生态、水管理、水环境、水文化、水景观、水安全、特色指标”7个维度的第一层指标评价框架,确定了包含22项评价指标的乡村水生态文明建设评价指标体系。并基于2019年数据对典型乡村进行了水生态文明建设水平评价。结论 构建的乡村水生态文明评价指标体系可行有效。     

基于PSR模型的生态文明建设战略定力指标设计与评价

基于"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型构建包括生态保护压力、生态文明建设状态和生态文明建设能力的3个子系统、17个指标的生态文明建设战略定力评价指标体系。运用主成分分析法对我国30个样本城市2017年生态文明建设战略定力及生态文明建设战略定力耦合协调度进行实证评价。依据评价结果,分析了我国主要城市生态文明建设战略定力的地区差异,并提出进一步保持和加强生态文明建设战略定力的对策建议。     

生态文明建设水平综合评价——以新疆兵团为例

文章通过构建兵团生态文明建设水平综合评价指标体系,采用熵权TOPSIS法对2008-2019年兵团生态文明发展水平进行综合测度,在此基础上,分析制约兵团生态文明建设的主要因素。结果表明:2008-2019年兵团生态文明建设综合水平明显提升,呈现出"先上升后趋于平缓"的变动趋势;其中,生态经济发展和生态环境保护水平明显改善,生态文化意识指数呈现波浪式的攀升态势,而生态资源节约和生态社会发展水平近年来呈现出不断下降的趋势。制约兵团生态文明建设的主要因素:兵团产业结构的长期滞后性发展以及产业生态化水平较低;创新型人才以及科研经费投入不足;教育、社会公共服务以及基础设施水平较低。     

生态文明建设中林业贡献率研究——以北京市为例

随着生态文明建设不断深入,北京市资源环境问题得到明显改善,但还存在很大的发展空间。森林和林业是生态建设的主体,在生态文明建设中发挥着巨大的作用。文章在研究生态文明建设评价指标体系的基础上,客观地量化了林业在生态文明建设中的贡献,为"十三五"期间林业生态文明建设提供了决策参考。针对北京市2008～2017年10年生态建设的相关指标,运用因子分析法计算出各个指标的权重,客观评价了北京市近年来生态文明建设的成果。特别是利用SPSS软件分析,应用"林业贡献率"指标量化了林业在北京市生态文明建设中的作用,进而提出了发展建议。     

高校绿色后勤与生态文明建设的契合研究——评《新时代生态文明建设总论》

正建设"美丽中国"既是国家层面的长期战略目标,又是广大人民群众追求美好生活的现实愿景。"美丽中国"的实现需要加强生态文明建设,需要将生态文明建设置于突出位置,需要将生态文明建设从历史发展、理论指导、现实实践、制度保障等多维度,进行系统化地体系构建。生态文明建设需要各高等院校提供专业人才支持及技术保障;需要各高等院校先行先试,总结经验;需要各高等院校在学生培养中融入生态文明教育,引领生态文明建设的社会文化。高校后勤部门作为学校水电气、吃住行的主要负责部门和实施部门,其各项业务工作与生态文明建设息息相关,后勤部门在学校生态文明建设中的作用义不容辞。由钱易、温宗国等著、中国环境出版社出版的《新时代生态文明建设总论》一书,以问题为导向,通过对生态文明建设与可持续发展之间的关系、生态文明建设与中国特色社会主义建设的关系的解答,系统地对生态文明建设进行了理论论述,并阐述了如何进行生态文明建设的实践,为高校绿色后勤与生态文明建设相契合的研究与实践奠定了坚实的基础。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.