农业生产性服务业的历史机遇

与传统农业向现代农业转变相伴,农业生产性服务业由依附产业转向独立完整乃至成为战略性产业成为不可逆转的历史趋势。农业生产性服务不仅要为农业生产提供服务,也要为农村居民生活提供服务。农业生产性服务业要重点聚焦四个问题:解决为谁服务问题,瞄准需要服务的关键问题,着眼于新产业、新业态,助推乡村建设。从我国的国情农情出发,需要构建形成"主体多元、功能完备、融合规范、共享共生"的农业生产性服务体系。借鉴国际经验和国内成功实践,推动我国农业生产性服务业的发展需要政府强化从发展战略到政策举措一系列行为导向。     

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正伴随农村劳动力加快转移,农业现代化面临两个基本问题,一是"谁来种地",一是"怎么种好地"。前者的解决有赖于发展各类新型经营主体,后者则要求培育农业社会化服务主体,发展好农业生产性服务业。解决千家万户农业生产经营中的难题,要把生产性服务业作为战略性产业来抓。农业生产性服务涵盖的领域、服务功能,应最大限度地满足农业、农村和农民多元化     

生产性服务业与农林牧渔及相关制造业互动关系研究——基于广东和海南生产性服务业相对优势比较分析

要:优先发展生产性服务业,是实现稳增长、调结构的重要举措。基于生产性服务业在产业链和关联行业中的重要作用,依据广东省、海南省2012年的投入产出表,运用投入产出分析法对两省生产性服务业的需求关系、产业特性,生产性服务与农林牧渔业及相关制造业互动程度进行了研究。明晰了两省生产性服务业的优势与短板,为促进地区间生产性服务业与农林牧渔及相关制造业产业结构优化,推动省际合作发展提供了数量化依据。     

基于环境约束视角的河北省产业结构调整路径研究

本文从河北省的三次产业构成和环境现状出发,分析河北三次产业与环境污染之间的关系,从环境约束视角出发,以河北省经济健康可持续发展为目标,提出了发展现代农业夯实基础、走新型工业化道路和构建现代服务业体现的针对三次产业的产业结构调整对策。     

我国农业生产性服务业与现代农业发展

农业生产性服务业,即面向农业产业链提供生产性服务的服务业。近年来,我国农业生产性服务业发展很快,成为发展现代农业、推进农业发展方式转变的战略引擎。农业生产性服务有助于农业产业链的整合、农业生产效率的提高以及农业比较利益的提升,促进了农业发展方式的转变。但是,我国农业生产性服务业发展水平与建设现代农业要求还存有较大差距,农业生产性服务业市场化、产业化、社会化发展滞后。因此,今后要利用多种渠道和手段吸引产业要素投向为农业提供服务的现代服务部门,推动传统农业向现代农业升级。     

宿迁发展农业生产性服务业的动力机制研究

要保持经济快速持续的增长,研究作为国民经济基础的农业可以称得上是当下"不可回避的话题"。宿迁市作为江苏省正在发展中的年轻城市,拥有良好的土地资源、水资源、人力资源。结合宿迁的实际情况配置资源,联动相关产业,提出形成良性的农业生产性服务业发展的动力机制的对策,以促进宿迁农业生产性服务业的健康发展。     

我国生产性服务业对经济增长的贡献

生产性服务业的发展有助于推动产业转型升级.特别是在我国二产向三产升级的过程中,如何发展好生产性服务业显得尤为重要.本文采用计量分析方法,对生产性服务业在经济增长中的贡献进行实证研究,以期为政府部门制定产业政策提供参考.     

科技为体 服务为本——江苏省克胜集团打造农业托管新平台

正现代农业深入发展,给全程托管、代耕代种等农业生产性服务业提出了迫切需求。克胜集团看准了"谁来种地""怎么种好地"带来的产业转型发展机遇,主动调整产业定位,由单一农药产业,转型发展全程生产性服务,新建蜻蜓农服平台,集成从种到收、从田间到舌间等农业生产环节的托管服务要素。     

关于发展农业生产性服务业的思考

发展农业生产性服务业,可以为解决当前的农业问题提供新思路,为解决"谁来种地"、"如何种地"问题探索新路径,为加快农业发展方式转变培育新引擎。国际经验显示,推进农业现代化的过程也是农业产业链延伸和农业服务化的过程。农业的根本出路在于发展农业生产性服务业。发展农业生产性服务业与建设农业社会化服务体系大致等同,但也有若干明显区别。应该明确提出发展农业生产性服务业的政策基调,代替"加强农业社会化服务体系建设"的传统提法。发展农业生产性服务业,应科学处理公益性服务与经营性服务、专业服务和综合服务、阶段性服务和全程性服务、支持农业生产性服务主体与支持其服务体系建设之间的关系。     

大力发展生产性服务业 全面增强产业竞争力

生产性服务业是从制造业内部生产服务部门分离而发展起来的一个新兴的服务业产业，具有高科技含量、高附加值、高人力资本和高成长性的特点，对其他产业具有较强的带动性。在发达国家，服务业占GDP的比重超过70％，为制造业服务的生产性服务业占整个服务业的比重也在70％以上，增幅是同期服务业增幅的近2倍。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.