中国与东盟四国吸引跨国公司地区总部的税收政策比较研究

东盟的新加坡、马来西亚、泰国和菲律宾四国(以下简称"东盟四国")在运用税收手段吸引跨国公司地区总部方面有很多有价值的经验。本文对比了我国和东盟四国在吸引跨国公司地区总部方面的税收政策,提出我国应该借鉴东盟四国的经验,把吸引跨国公司地区总部纳入国家引进外资的战略框架。     

Shareholder taxation and aggregate dividend payout: Evidence from the tax reform act of 1986

The effect of shareholder taxation on corporate dividend policy is a major controversy in financial economics. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 eliminated the statutory tax disadvantage of dividends versus long-term capital gains for individual shareholders. Using aggregate time series data I find evidence that corporate dividend payout has become more generous in the period after tax reform.     

中国视角:收入来源国与跨国公司的税收博弈

跨国公司经济实力强大、现代企业制度完备、经营结构合理、享有垄断与内部化优势.跨国公司全球范围内追求集团利益最大化,内部管理的高效率、信息沟通的高科技,以及对税收筹划的高度重视,都对收入来源国提出了严峻挑战.跨国公司在中国发展迅速,也存在大量的避税问题.中国已经开展了20年的反避税工作,但在制度建设以及针对跨国公司避税特点采取强力度措施方面进展不够.新的两税合一的<企业所得税法>及其<实施条例>,以及预约定价制度是重大进步,但要很好地贯彻执行还需做出多方面的努力.     

CEO Involvement in Director Selection: Implications for REIT Dividend Policy

This paper examines the relationship between CEO entrenchment and dividend policy of real estate investment trusts (REITs). We develop an index for CEO entrenchment using CEO tenure and duality and find that this index has significant impact on dividend policy. We further separate our sample into two sub-groups: REITs with and without nomination committees. Our analyses show a strong positive relationship between CEO entrenchment level and dividend payout for REITs without a nomination committee. In REITs with nomination committees, CEO entrenchment has less influence on dividend policy. We conclude that dividend policy serves as a substitution for other governance mechanisms. Further, our results are consistent with the evidence for other US firms—CEO that are more entrenched pay higher dividends to avoid shareholder sanctions and the threat of takeover.

Dividend policies across multinational and domestic corporations – an international study

This study examines whether the determinants of dividend payout ratios between Multinational (MCs) and Domestic corporations (DCs) vary across Australia, U.S., Japan, U.K. and Malaysia. Results show: (i) Australian, UK and Malaysian MCs pay significantly less dividends than their Domestic counterparts; however, the opposite holds for the U.S. firms; (ii) the factors that significantly explain the difference between DCs’ and MCs’ payout ratios vary across countries; (iii) firms operating in an imputation tax system and in a common law environment pay comparatively higher dividends relative to firms operating in a classical tax system and civil law regime.     

Degree of Multinationality and Financial Performance: A Study of U.S.-Based Multinational Corporations

This paper examines the marginal benefits that accrue to U.S.-based multinational corporations through increased international investment. Specifically, the study seeks to determine if increased degrees of multinationality produce additional benefits for multinational firms in terms of excess returns and/or reduced risk. The results indicate that during the period studied, the degree of multinationality did not have a significant influence on the risk and return performance of the sample firms. Thus, the study supports the findings of Qian (1996) and Siegel et al. (1995, 1995A) who report that the advantages enjoyed by multinational corporations may be going away.     

沉淀投资、税收政策竞争与跨国公司发展

如果没有公平的竞争环境,跨国公司的发展会受到限制,可以说建立一个公平竞争的国际环境是跨国公司得以发展的最根本的前提。事实上,公平竞争环境不仅包括产品市场竞争、生产要素市场竞争和金融市场竞争,而且还包括税收政策竞争等经济政策竞争。这些竞争环境都是跨国公司发展的必要国际条件。     

The effect of financial constraints,investment policy,product market competition and corporate governance on the value of cash holdings

This study empirically investigates the value shareholders place on excess cash holdings and how shareholders’ valuation of cash holdings is associated with financial constraints, firm growth, cash‐flow uncertainty and product market competition for Australian firms from 1990 to 2007. Our results indicate that the marginal value of cash holdings to shareholders declines with larger cash holdings and higher leverage. However, firms that are more financially constrained, that have higher growth rates and that face greater uncertainty exhibit a higher marginal value of cash holdings. These findings are consistent with the explanation that excess cash holdings are not necessarily detrimental to firm value. Firms with costly external financing and that also save more cash for current operating and future investing needs find that the market values these cash hoarding policies favourably. Finally, there is limited evidence of an association between various corporate governance measures and the value of cash holdings for a shorter sample period.     

澳大利亚税源管理及对我国的启示

随着经济全球化步伐的不断加快,来华跨国公司的数量和规模也随之扩大。如何对跨国公司进行有效的税源管理,成为我国税务部门日益关注的问题。澳大利亚税源管理体系十分严密、高效,其对跨国公司税源管理的经验对我国加强税源管理工作具有借鉴意义,主要表现在以下方面:重视信息化手段在税源管理中的应用;加强税务部门与其他政府部门的合作,广泛收集税源信息;按企业规模分类实行税源监控;充分发挥中介机构在税源管理中的作用。     

Use of loan loss provisions for capital, earnings management and signalling by Australian banks

This study examines whether and to what extent Australian banks use loan loss provisions (LLPs) for capital, earnings management and signalling. We examine if there were changes in the use of LLPs as a result of the implementation of banking regulations consistent with the Basel Accord of 1988, which made loan loss reserves no longer part of Tier I capital in the numerator of the capital adequacy ratio. We find some evidence to indicate that Australian banks use LLPs for capital management, but we find no evidence of a change in this behaviour after the implementation of the Basel Accord. Our results indicate that banks in Australia use LLPs to manage earnings. Furthermore, listed commercial banks engage more aggressively in earnings management using LLPs than unlisted commercial banks. We also find that earnings management behaviour is more pronounced in the post‐Basel period. Overall, we find a significant understating of LLPs in the post‐Basel period relative to the pre‐Basel period. This indicates that reported earnings might not reflect the true economic reality underlying those numbers. Finally, Australian banks do not appear to use LLPs for signalling future intentions of higher earnings to investors.     

Regulating for corporate human rights abuses: The emergence of corporate reporting on the ILO's human rights standards within the global garment manufacturing and retail industry

Despite the ubiquitous nature of the discourse on human rights there is currently little research on the emergence of disclosure by multinational corporations on their human rights obligations or the regulatory dynamic that may lie behind this trend. In an attempt to begin to explore the extent to which, if any, the language of human rights has entered the discourse of corporate accountability, this paper investigates the adoption of the International Labour Organisation's (ILO) human rights standards by major multinational garment retail companies that source products from developing countries, as disclosed through their reporting media. The paper has three objectives. Firstly, to empirically explore the extent to which a group of multinational garment retailers invoke the language of human rights when disclosing their corporate responsibilities. The paper reviews corporate reporting media including social responsibility codes of conduct, annual reports and stand-alone social responsibility reports released by 18 major global clothing and retail companies during a period from 1990 to 2007. We find that the number of companies adopting and disclosing on the ILO's workplace human rights standards has significantly increased since 1998 – the year in which the ILO's standards were endorsed and accepted by the global community (ILO, 1998). Secondly, drawing on a combination of Responsive Regulation theory and neo-institutional theory, we tentatively seek to understand the regulatory space that may have influenced these large corporations to adopt the language of human rights obligations. In particular, we study the role that International Governmental Organisation's (IGO) such as ILO may have played in these disclosures. Finally, we provide some critical reflections on the power and potential within the corporate adoption of the language of human rights.     

调结构、扩内需的税收政策分析

中央经济工作会议为2010年经济工作提出了总体要求和六大任务。其目标是要提高宏观调控水平,提高经济发展质量和效益。从手段和方法上看,经济结构调整、扩大内需、保障和改善民生仍将是今后经济工作的主攻方向。本文结合当前国际国内的经济形势,从税收角度分析了今后政策的调整方向和内容。