“小金库”的成因、危害及对策

“小金库”的问题由来已久。党中央、国务院曾三令五申不得私设“小金库”，有关部门也多次对“小金库”进行专项检查，但仍屡禁不止。它不仅造成国家和单位收入的流失，扰乱了正常的经济秩序，而且还诱发和滋生各种腐败现象，败坏了党风和社会风气，应当坚决取谛。“小金库”是违反国家财经法规及其他有关规定，侵占、截留、隐瞒国家和单位收入，未列入本单位财务会计部门帐内或未纳入预算管理，私存私放的各项资金。其大多采取化公为私、公款私存、转移收入、截留利润等不正当手段取得。主要包括：各项生产经营收入；各种行政事业性收费；…     

我国城镇化滞后的现状、成因及其对策思考

内容提要我国城镇化不仅滞后于工业化发展水平，而且滞后于同等收入水平的发展中国家以及发达国家达到同等经济总量时的城镇化水平。本文在分析我国城镇化滞后的深层原因的基础上，提出要加快推进我国城镇化必须进行包括户籍制度、土地制度和投融资体制在内的制度创新。     

小麦阿拉伯木聚糖的结构、理化特性及合成研究

阿拉伯木聚糖（AX）是小麦籽粒细胞壁最主要的多聚糖,对小麦加工特性及营养品质有重要功能。介绍了AX组成与分子结构、构象与理化特性,以及胚乳组织AX合成途径中的关键酶与基因。了解AX分子结构的多样性与生物合成关键步骤的调控机制．有助于较好地调控胚乳组织AX变异,培育营养品质和加工特性提高的中国小麦类型。     

外国农业保险立法的比较与借鉴

我国加入ＷＴＯ在即,这将意味着我国不得不取消一系列对农业的补贴政策和措施,从而对农业的发展产生诸多不利影响。而充分利用ＷＴＯ有关协议提供的“绿箱政策”,发展政策性农业保险,是在ＷＴＯ条件下保护和促进我国农业可持续发展有效的也是可行的政策之一,因此,已引起有关决策部门的高度重视。世界上约有40多个国家推行或试验农业保险。鉴于农业保险的特殊性,一般适用于各种商业保险的《保险法》不适用或不完全适用于农业保险。因此,在举办农业保险时,各国均先制定农业保险法及其实施细则,确定其基本法律依据,规范其制度和行为,以保证农业…     

Polarization,Inequality, and Growth: The Indian Experience

One issue that has attracted considerable attention recently among scholars interested in inequality and conflict is polarization. We analyze polarization in India over roughly the past three decades using consumption expenditure data. We show that both bipolarization and multidimensional polarization (on several dimensions: rural–urban, state, region) have increased since the 1990s. In the case of bipolarization, this is a reversal from an earlier trend (in the 1980s). Overall, our results suggest that the high growth that India has witnessed since the 1990s has been associated with widening disparities. Comparing polarization and inequality trends, we find similarities, but also some differences; we also show how the study of polarization can provide different insights. Our results therefore underscore the importance of studying polarization as distinct from traditional inequality.     

生态文明建设 京津冀一体化的关键

<正>2月26日的京城,已经饱受持续一周的雾霾之苦。就在这一天,中共中央总书记习近平召开了京津冀协调发展座谈会。总书记强调,实现京津冀协同发展是一个重大国家战略,要坚持优势互补、互利共赢、扎实推进,加快走出一条科学持续的协同发展路子。从此,京津冀一体化成了最热的话题之一。习总书记提出的七点要求中的第五条,直接和生态环境相关。他说,要着力扩大环境容量生态空间,加强生态环境保护合作,在已经启动大气污染防治协作机制的基础上,     

The Politics of International Assessments: The IAASTD Process,Reception and Significance

This paper explores the career of the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge Science and Technology and Development (IAASTD) from its inception, the publishing of its reports, and its place in ongoing debates on global agriculture, food security, poverty reduction, social equity and sustainable development. We highlight the disputes and disruptions that characterize the IAASTD process and attempts to marginalize its findings. Following a brief review of the history of the Assessment and of the social construction of scientific knowledges, we consider five processes that expose the hierarchies and contestations that shape ongoing debates. We reveal how conflicts within IAASTD and between IAASTD and its sponsors cannot be dismissed as either technical or managerial, but instead showcase the fragility of claims that privilege productivity increases over other relations in agricultural practice. We conclude with a challenge to understanding agricultural change and its future that builds on social, ecological and political relations as constitutive rather than as exogenous to research and policy formation.     

The influence of risk preferences,knowledge, land consolidation,and landscape diversification on pesticide use

Researchers have spent substantial effort to identify factors influencing pesticide use intensity. However, few studies have compared the relative importance of these factors. This study examines four categories of factors that potentially influence farmers’ pesticide use decisions by evaluating incentivized experiment data, farm survey data, and remote sensing data in China. Our results suggest that land diversification has the largest effect on farmers’ pesticide use. Compared with the most rice-intensive landscape type, less rice-intensive systems cause farmers to spray less on middle rice. Heavy pesticide use intensity is associated with land fragmentation as small-scale farms still dominate crop production. Farmers’ integrated pest management knowledge has significant effects on pesticide use. We also find that loss and ambiguity preferences, rather than risk preferences, are more likely to affect pesticide use intensity.     

The Indirect Land Use Impacts of United States Biofuel Policies: The Importance of Acreage, Yield, and Bilateral Trade Responses

Recent analysis has highlighted agricultural land conversion as a significant debit in the greenhouse gas accounting of ethanol as an alternative fuel. A controversial element of this debate is the role of crop yield growth as a means of avoiding cropland conversion in the face of biofuels growth. We find that standard assumptions of yield response are unduly restrictive. Furthermore, we identify both the acreage response and bilateral trade specifications as critical considerations for predicting global land use change. Sensitivity analysis reveals that each of these contributes importantly to parametric uncertainty.     

The Role of Income in Trading-Differentiated Agri-Food Products: The Case of Canada, the United States, and Selected EU Countries

This study investigates the role of income in determining the agri‐food exports of a subset of EU countries, Canada, and the United States by estimating per capita bilateral trade flows for 42 individual products categorized into nine product sectors across 52 countries for the period 1990–2000. About 43% of the total observations of bilateral trade flows for the selected regions and products are zero. Therefore, the fixed‐effects Heckman Maximum Likelihood estimation procedure is used to account for the zero observations. The results show that, in general, the three regions (Canada, the EU countries, United States) face statistically significant and positive income elasticities from developing countries. However, only Canadian and United States’ exports of agri‐food products benefit from elastic income elasticities. Middle‐income developing countries are the growth market of the future as growth in their expenditures on agri‐food imports outpaces the growth in their per capita incomes. Homotheticity is consistently rejected for Canada and the EU and less often for the United States. Thus, income plays an important role in agri‐food trade; however, further investigation is needed to better understand the forces that generate rather widely divergent results across countries and products. Dans la présente étude, nous avons examiné le rôle du revenu sur les exportations agroalimentaires de certains pays de l’Union européenne (UE), du Canada et des États‐Unis en estimant les échanges commerciaux bilatéraux par habitant de 42 produits issus de neuf secteurs de production dans 52 pays, pour la période allant de 1990 à 2000. Environ 43 p. 100 des observations d’échanges commerciaux bilatéraux pour les pays et les produits choisis étaient égales à zéro. Nous avons utilisé la méthode d’estimation du maximum de vraisemblance d’Heckman pour tenir compte des échanges nuls. Les résultats ont montré que, en règle générale, les trois zones (Canada, pays de l’UE et États‐Unis) sont confrontées aux élasticités?revenu positives et statistiquement significatives des pays en développement. Toutefois, seules les exportations canadiennes et étatsuniennes de produits agroalimentaires bénéficient d’une élasticité‐revenu élevée. Les pays en développement à revenu intermédiaire sont les marchés en expansion de l’avenir puisque la croissance de leurs importations agroalimentaires dépasse la croissance de leur revenu par habitant. L’homothéticité est systématiquement rejetée dans le cas du Canada et l’UE, et l’est moins souvent dans le cas des États‐Unis. Le revenu joue un rôle important dans le commerce agroalimentaire; toutefois, il faudrait effectuer des recherches supplémentaires afin de mieux comprendre les forces qui génèrent des résultats fort divergents entre les pays et les produits.     

The emergence of urban agriculture: Sydney,Australia

Across the world the phenomenon of urban agriculture (UA) is defining itself after emerging from a mainly grass-roots response, evidenced in the Sydney Metropolitan Region by the Hawkesbury Harvest phenomenon and the Sydney Food Fairness Alliance, to powerful global forces which are negatively and paradoxically impacting on the quality of life of urban and farming communities. In the developed world these major forces include: (1) urban sprawl and its progressive sterilization of agricultural lands; (2) the supermarket dominance of food chains; (3) the fast food industry and associated health problems such as obesity; (4) globalization. The community-based promotion and marketing of local agriculture is causing some governments and public and private organizations throughout the world to recognize UA as a strategic mechanism to enable urban communities to deal with food security in the context of neo-liberalism, climate change, pandemics, natural disasters, human and environmental health, carbon footprint, biosecurity/terrorism, peak oil, waste management, and landscape and natural resource management. This paper explores the history of UA in the Sydney region. It is a narrative that allows for UA in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan area to draw on the experiences of other developed countries where UA is establishing its position.     

The roles of risk preferences,selection, and uncertain returns on land contracts

Using panel data on a statistically representative sample of Iowa farmland parcels from 1997 to 2017, we analyze the factors determining whether land is farmed by the owner or rented out under a cash rent or crop share contract. The landowner's decision to rent or operate the land depends on the distribution of expected net returns to the land, and so estimates of the factors affecting rental terms will be biased if the sample only includes rental contracts and excludes the owner-operator. Land with higher mean and/or lower variance of expected net returns is most likely to be rented out. Participants in the rental market will include the most risk-averse landowners and the least risk-averse tenants, while the least risk-averse landowners operate their own land. Our empirical results suggest that the rising use of cash rent contracts and declining incidence of owner-operation and crop-share rental contracts is consistent with falling coefficient of variation in expected net returns per acre.     

The meanings of forest governance in Esmeraldas,Ecuador

Participatory forestry has become the most accepted way of exploiting timber resources in tropical rain forests. This paper shows the links between participatory forestry, sustainable forest management and the continuing objective of reconciling conservation with commercial development in the province of Esmeraldas, one of the poorest and most rapidly deforested regions of South America. I describe and contextualize the evolving logging programme of a leading Ecuadorian wood-processing group to show that the decentralization of the development process, the recognition of local communities as legal entities in the management of natural resources, and the active involvement of profit-oriented firms in biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation all contribute to the emergence of new alliances between the Ecuadorian government, the logging companies, conservation and human rights organizations, and local Black and indigenous communities. My central argument is that devolution in this context leads to conflictive interpretations of regulation. I end with a discussion of the multi-scalar nature of “forest governance”, and highlight the contribution it makes to our understanding of control, regulation and management in new contexts of privatization and decentralization.