"3S"技术在土地可持续利用决策中的应用

土地的可持续利用是整个社会经济发展的根本基础,利用信息技术加强对土地资源的管理规划是未来的发展趋势;“3S”技术是全球定位系统、遥感、地理信息系统和专家系统的简称;对“3S”技术作了简要介绍,并从其技术方面分析了“3S”技术在土地利用和保护领域的作用和应用。     

Conversion of agricultural and forest land to other purposes in the context of land protection: Evidence from Polish experience

The protection of agricultural land and forests is a relatively new concept in Poland, and it began with forest protection in the 1920s. The first regulations on the protection of agricultural land were introduced only in the 1960s. Agricultural land and forests received comprehensive protection pursuant to the provisions of the Act of 26 October 1977 on the protection of agricultural land, forests and land recultivation. This legal act set the foundations for the protection of farmland and forests in successive decades.The aim of this study was to determine the influence of farmland and forest protection on spatial planning and to highlight the loss of agricultural and forest land resulting from conversion to other purposes. Legal regulations pertaining to spatial planning and the protection of agricultural and land forests were analysed. The scale of the problem was identified, and future land-use types were forecast based on the data developed by Statistics Poland (GUS). The existing spatial plans (municipal master plan - MMP) were analysed to determine the conversion loss index (CLI) associated with the conversion of agricultural land and forests to other uses. Legal regulations pertaining to the protection of agricultural land and forests were also analysed, and the extent of the relevant conversion measures was determined. The study demonstrated that urban development and the inevitable urbanization of rural areas contribute to the loss of agricultural and forest land that are converted to other uses.     

浅析土地发展权与土地利用规划

我国正处于工业化和城市化的加速时期，土地需求急剧增加。为了进一步控制土地利用，国家采取一系列的有力措施，但在土地管理中存在土地配置效率低下、大量农用地非法转为建设用地等的问题。在市场经济条件下，土地的经济价值日益显化，农民围绕土地权益而发生大量纷争，为了解决其中的一些尖锐矛盾，我国应积极地创设土地发展权制度，显化土地发展极，建立基于国有土地发展权的土地利用规划思路。     

Zionism and agricultural land: National narratives,environmental objectives,and land policy in Israel

The 1990s saw two different and even contradictory trends in Israel. On the one hand, there was a substantial increase in environmental awareness, on the part of both the general public and decision-makers, that led to a change in the land use planning policy at the national level. On the other hand, the Israel Lands Council (ILC), the body empowered by law to shape the national land policy, made a series of decisions that severely violated the principle of preserving agricultural land and led to massive conversion of agricultural land and open space for commercial, industrial, and residential development. Thus the national land policy became incompatible with the land use planning policy and the rise in environmental awareness it reflected.     

Special issue: Environmental risk mitigation for sustainable land use development

The Special Issue (SI) “Environmental Risk Mitigation for Sustainable Land Use Development” presents seventeen interrelated papers addressing the key concept of environmental risk mitigation and sustainable land use development. The issue argues that risk mitigation depends directly on the risk assessment analysis and the quality of applied measures. Therefore, the more precise are risk assessment conclusions, the better the risk mitigation measures would be. This collection of papers follows the vision of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (Sendai Framework) which states that the integration of sustainable development objectives into disaster risk mitigation and adaptation at all levels and at all stages of policy action are of paramount importance for the sustainability of our communities. The final purpose of the issue is to address the mutual roles of land use policy on environmental risk mitigation and adaptation, especially disaster risks.     

Impact of land tenure on land use in low-income countries

The role of land tenure in agricultural development has been a subject of intensive research, particularly within the context of land and agrarian reform. The complexity of the world's major land tenure systems is well recognized and no attempt is made here to go beyond an overview as this paper limits itself to the impact of land tenure on land use in low income situations. Present land use is determined by a host of factors, of a physical/biological and socioeconomic nature. In applying land evaluation, the question it is necessary to ask is to what extent, when and where land tenure conditions act as a considerable constraining factor impeding a more optimal use of land resources. Even in what used to be low-population density areas (such as Sub-Saharan Africa) it appears that the frontier phase is becoming exhausted and the intensification of agriculture proceeds; it becomes imperative to examine land tenure in relation to land use implications. It is shown that so far a multi-disciplinary approach has often been lacking in treating land tenure and related issues.     

土地利用规划中土地利用空间结构和布局研究进展

土地利用空间结构和布局是土地利用规划工作中的关键所在,是决定土地利用规划是否科学合理的重要步骤;开展土地利用空间结构和布局优化研究有利于促进土地资源利用的集约高效,有利于新一轮的土地利用规划修编的编制和实施;综述了目前我国土地利用空间布局相关理论的研究进展,回顾了土地利用空间布局所采取的主要技术和手段,对我国土地利用空间结构和布局研究进行了展望;研究表明：我国土地利用空间布局理论研究有了长足进展,但还未形成严密的科学理论体系;在研究视角上,多注重耕地和基本农田保护,在“统筹兼顾”“以人为本”“理性发展”等方面应加强;在研究方法上,应加强现代数学模型与计算机空间模拟等方法在土地利用规划布局中的应用研究,加强参与式土地利用规划理论和方法研究,与传统的规划研究方法和手段相结合,形成客观、准确、科学的土地利用规划技术体系。     

土地利用战略研究再认识

从土地利用战略研究的涵义、理念与我国现行土地利用战略研究的范式出发,分析了当前我国土地利用战略研究的不足与存在的问题,并在此基础上提出了一些完善我国土地利用战略研究的建议。     

Distinguishing ambivalence from indifference: A study of attitudes toward land trusts among members and nonmembers

Private, not-for-profit land trusts have become major players in U.S. conservation efforts in the last 50 years. During this period membership in land trust organizations has grown. Despite the expansion of land trusts and land trust membership, little is known about public attitudes and beliefs about these organizations. To address this gap, we fielded a mail survey to members of a regional land trust in Indiana and a sample of nonmembers that reside in the areas served by that organization. In addition to examining differences in land trust members and nonmembers in terms of their demographic characteristics, recreation habits, awareness and use of land trust properties; we examined land trust beliefs and attitudes. Drawing from recent developments in attitude theory, the study employed a two-dimensional/bivariate model that allowed us to assess attitudes and distinguish between two forms of neutral attitudes toward land trusts – ambivalence (equal positive and negative feelings) and indifference (lack of any feelings). The study results indicated that, on average, land trust members were slightly older, better educated, and had lived in the area for shorter period of time than nonmembers. Members were also more likely to engage in non-consumptive outdoor activities like hiking and bird watching, while nonmembers were more likely to fish and hunt. Members also tended to have more positive attitudes toward land trusts and were more likely to express positive associations with land trusts. Nonmember attitudes demonstrated greater variability; specifically compared to members, nonmembers were more like to hold indifferent, ambivalent, or negative attitudes toward land trusts. Additional analysis comparing these three non-member groups provided insight into differences in their behaviors, knowledge, and underlying beliefs. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for organizational policy and outreach efforts.     

Factors affecting municipal land use cooperation

This paper evaluates the factors affecting voluntary municipal land use cooperation in Michigan where neither substantial mandates nor incentives for such cooperation exist. Cooperation is conceptualized as the formality of land use cooperation. This paper uses quantitative data obtained through surveys of chief elected officials and finds that the extent of internal municipal support for cooperation, whether elected officials anticipate benefits from cooperation, and the effectiveness of regional institutions at providing supportive services for cooperation have positive impacts on the formality of land use cooperation. The amount of cooperation on services and a regional cooperative culture impact the formality of land use cooperation negatively.     

Monitoring land governance: Understanding roots and shoots

Despite a growing interest among land use policymakers to identify the indicators that measure changes in land tenure systems, little consensus exists about what framework can functionally analyze land tenure systems, and how it should be developed. The existing indicators have mainly focused on measuring the “effects” of land tenure (in)security and often neglected the “causes”. Hence, comprehensive monitoring of land tenure systems has been poorly understood and practiced. Given their multifaceted meanings, land and its related concepts have been a challenging issue for policymakers. Accordingly, the overall objective of this paper was to propose a functional and analytical framework on how to study monitoring land governance from roots to shoots through five main studies: i) understanding the historical trajectories of land, ii) recognizing institutional arrangements on land, iii) identifying land governance grammar, iv) defining land governance typology, and v) assessing land use changes. In line with this objective, the general research question of this study is how and by whom a monitoring system should be developed. Overall, this study can be considered as a conceptual framework that has been designed to conceptualize, develop, build, and apply a functional and analytical framework for formulating land governance grammar to explain how access to land is governed. Unlike previous studies, this study focuses on both causes and effects of strong land governance (SLG) and weak land governance (WLG). The paper discusses that land governance allows various stakeholders to participate in government decisions and ensures the security of their livelihoods. However, land governance could be either poor or strong depending on the government decision-making process. The paper also concluded that SLG is a precondition for economic growth and poverty alleviation in rural areas of developing countries.     

Assessing land use plan implementation: Bridging the performance-conformance divide

The assessment of land use plan implementation is a contentious issue. The debate centers on whether the crucial evaluation element is conformance of development to plan directives or alternatively, plan performance, i.e. the degree to which the plan is actually used. An analytic framework combining both conformance and performance in the evaluation of (regional) land use plans is applied to the case of the Central District Plan in Israel. Qualitative and quantitative simulation methods are exploited. Qualitative analysis reveals that both performance and conformance are greater than indicated by non-contextualized, numeric evaluations. Additionally, high conformance does not necessarily imply good plan performance. Quantitative simulation suggests that plan performance with respect to land values and densities is initially pronounced as expectations for development are subdued but subsequently tends to wane merging with the counterfactual trend. Findings imply that plan assessment needs to consider the transaction costs of land use re-designation and actors’ perceptions of the probability that plan amendments will be approved. These perceptions differ across actors as a function of the political influence that they wield.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of land use master plans in built-up land management: A case study of the Jinan Municipality,eastern China

China has implemented land use master plans to strictly control built-up land usage. The effective evaluation of land use master plan on controlling construction land is the premise of monitoring and early warning of planning implementation. It is also the basis for planning revision and further implementation of territorial spatial planning. In this study, we established a comprehensive index system based on three aspects: scale management, annual growth rhythm control, and spatial layout. We then analyzed the consistency between the actual situation for built-up land and the previous land use master plan of the Jinan Municipality in the Shandong Province of eastern China. The results showed that the master plan effectively controlled the scale of built-up land sprawl, such that the annual growth rhythm control level periodically increased over time. They also indicated the low efficiency of the built-up land spatial layout control. Overall, the previous land use master plan in Jinan had notable impacts. We recommend that land policy makers should adjust control standards and implementation intensity for spatial planning in the future to achieve scientific and effective planning for the management of construction land.     

House prices and land regulation in the Copenhagen area

We analyse house prices from 1992 to 2011 in the metropolitan area of Copenhagen. In line with most other metropolitan areas in Europe, Copenhagen house prices showed solid increases during this period until 2007 when a downturn in prices began. The price gradient from the centre of the metropolis to the outskirts also became steeper over these years. We investigate the influence of land regulation on this development and find indications of an upward pressure on house prices from restrictive land regulation at the municipal as well as the national level.     

Underground land values

Very often, underground land values appear to be a missing factor in land economics and planning, both at academic and practitioner level. In general, ignoring such a variable and potentially valuable resource may seriously delay any underground land policy to be undertaken. It can lead the public as well as the private sector to a short-sighted over-consumption of shallow subsurface space and under-consumption of deep underground space. Considering subsurface land values in economic studies of underground projects increases their reliability for the decision-making process. This paper shows a theoretical and empirical way to estimate underground land values, with applications.     

Effects of land urbanization and land finance on carbon emissions: A panel data analysis for Chinese provinces

The rapid urbanization in China comes with several economic, social, and environmental issues, most of which are related to land use. This study contributes to research on the land–growth–environment nexus by investigating the effect of land urbanization and land finance on carbon emissions in China from 2004 to 2013 using the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model. Results show that land finance and land urbanization significantly affect carbon emissions. The rate of land urbanization contributes to the reduction of carbon emissions; however, it has less impact compared with other determinants. The effect of land finance and land urbanization on carbon emissions indicates that a local government’s willingness to lease land for revenue aggravates carbon emissions. Economic growth and industrial structure also influence carbon emissions. Furthermore, the land requisition system and rural land conversion market should be enhanced through the guidance provided by the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020) to promote the diversification of land transfer, fully consider regional differences, and establish a distinct policy focus that can contribute to emission reduction and land use.     

县级土地利用总体规划修编的若干思考--以招远市为例

针对县级土地利用总体规划的性质和编制的指导思想,认为招远市上一轮总体规划的实施对建设用地指标管理不完善,不注重耕地质量上的平衡,与城镇总体规划在用地上的衔接力度不够,土地利用分区不尽合理,用途控制难于实现;提出新一轮土地利用总体规划修编要完善建设用地指标管理,确保耕地总量稳中有升,要合理分解规划控制指标,注重与城镇规划的衔接,明确土地用途分区。     

The evolving concepts of land administration in China: Cultivated land protection perspective

This paper presents a holistic method by integrating three concepts (land resources management, assets supervision and political governance for sustainability) for investigation of land administration in China, taking into consideration of cultivated land protection for a testimony with econometric method. Theoretically, in this self-organizing integrated method, land resources management focuses on the productivity of land; land assets supervision centralizes on the realization of land usufruct rights in land transference; land political governance for sustainability concentrates on harmonious linkage of economic efficiency, social stability and environmental safety of land use. Their interrelations are complex. Methodologically, the results indicate that the theoretical model is feasible to explain variations of cultivated land protection with these three concepts. Cultivated land decreases with increasing land value increment multiples, and is positive with political governance concept, but not in a linear fashion. Finally the results suggest that roles of government in land administration need to be changed and strengthened, supporting complete compensation for land expropriation and modification to policies of cultivated land.     

浅析土地发展权与土地利用规划

我国正处于工业化和城市化的加速时期,土地需求急剧增加.为进一步控制土地利用,国家采取了一系列的有力措施,但在土地管理中存在土地配置效率低下、大量农用地非法转为建设用地等问题.在市场经济条件下,土地的经济价值日益显化,农民围绕土地权益而发生大量纷争,为解决其中的一些尖锐矛盾,我国应积极地创设土地发展权制度,显化土地发展权,建立基于国有士地发展权的土地利用规划思路.     

土地利用规划学的国内研究进展

从学科的角度出发分析土地利用规划学的研究进展和动态变化,分析其研究特点和不足之处,促进其更好的发展。通过文献查询法、统计分析方法。研究结果表明在不同时期,土地利用规划学的研究类型、研究方法、研究区域、研究主题等都有很大的变化。自1990年以后,土地利用规划学的论文数量、研究机构以及核心作者的数量大幅增加,研究的主题和内容也从单一走向多样化,进入21世纪后研究的主题集中在土地利用规划学的本质探索、土地利用规划环境影响评价、土地利用规划学的结构优化以及新技术与土地利用规划学的融合等方向上,研究的范围也从中尺度向宏观尺度和微观尺度方向发展,土地利用规划学进入了一个新的发展时期。研究结论得出土地利用规划学总体向着良好的趋势发展,但仍存在许多问题有待改善,研究的区域发展不平衡、研究技术先进性与研究成果不匹配、核心作者群没有真正形成等问题;今后需要更加重视区域发展不平衡问题,加强研究技术与研究成果之间的联系,完善土地利用规划学的理论体系,加强实证类的主题研究,加强核心作者的培养等,更好的促进土地利用规划学可持续的发展。