The land resource: Policy and management

Summary

This paper advocates the preparation by major urban planning authorities of land budgets to obtain a satisfactory balance between the development of derelict or vacant land and greenfield sites. Such budgets, requiring a city‐regional dimension, should be implemented by the public and private sectors, both of which need to find means of channelling profits from peripheral or out‐of‐town projects to counter losses on the development or ‘greening’ of inner‐city sites. Suggestions are made as to the form of land budgets, and the means by which they could be put into effect. The paper reviews briefly the various outlooks on the issue of balance between the development of urban and rural land, and the state of the art of priority setting for this purpose by central and local government. Although high standards are set by a few metropolitan areas in accounting for and monitoring the land resource, this is by no means widespread. Indeed in several major urban areas the matter does not even appear to be treated as a policy issue. Amongst the measures required to improve the situation is the need for wider use of skills attuned to development finance and management.     

Urban land management in China: A study of the present system and an investigation of current issues and problems

Summary

The paper commences by describing the statutory basis for land tenure and management. It examines the constitutional basis for land ownership and occupation rights, as amended by land administration law. The legal system and procedures at both central and local government level are introduced, with particular mention made of the special measures for land requisition. This is followed by a study of the organizational structure for land management in China at state and local government levels. The roles and responsibilities of the major agencies of government at both levels are explained, and related to the organization of urban planning. A separate section is then devoted to those areas such as Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Cities which have been selected for preferential treatment, particularly in respect of the transfer of land use rights.

The paper concludes with a study of the main issues and problems that currently confront China in the field of urban land management. And some suggestions are made where further reform is required and additional research of potential benefit.     

Forecasting housing land requirements

Summary

Because of pressures on the countryside by private housing development, the Government and the planners have become increasingly involved in planning policy issues and in forecasting land requirements. The forecasting techniques used are examined, and their translation into local allocations through structure and local plans and land availability studies are looked at. The demand for more land releases is attributed more to structural changes in the housebuilding industry and local land shortages in the south‐east than to real shortfalls in housing provision. There is a need for improved monitoring systems for land resource management, particularly in balancing ‘green‐field’ releases against development/redevelopment in existing urban areas.     

Housing development in Australia: The implications of production and approval processes for availability and choice

Summary

This paper focuses on the housing production and development approval processes: the agencies involved and the implications for the product, housing, in terms of costs and design. Changing household structure, expansion of metropolitan areas and rising costs (financial and social) mean that the traditional style of single storey detached homes no longer provides adequate choice. An investigation into housing costs in 1978, found that the land development process and approval procedures were major contributors to both inefficiencies in production and conservative attitudes inhibiting the diffusion of new ideas and alternative dwelling choices. The paper reviews changes which have taken place during the 1980s especially in the role of the states in land development, changes in approval processes (planning, subdivision and titling) and more effective use of land by improved design and layout. These are examined against a background of the uniqueness of the Australian housing system with its emphasis on owner‐occupation and which in common with Britain has an increasing affordability problem. The roles of landowners, speculators, developers (including the state land authorities), housebuilders and house‐owners are examined together with some of the factors affecting availability and choice.     

Housing land availability — some observations of the process of housing development in contrasting urban locations

Summary

Housing development operates at different levels of intensity in the urban areas of Britain, and private and public housebuilders exert varying pressures on local planning authorities. The findings of a research study on the provision of land for residential development in urban areas are examined by means of six case studies. These expose the significance of landownership and planning policies in influencing the rate of housing development. In order to exploit fully the potential of urban sites for residential development there is a need for coordinated action by local authorities which may include compulsory purchase power and a housing development budget.     

Recent trends in the supply of land for industrial development in Hong Kong: A case study in planned decentralization

Summary

Although free enterprise remains the dominant characteristic of the Hong Kong economy, new land supply is controlled largely by the Hong Kong Government. Rather than establish a detailed system of development plans and controls, the Government has been able to achieve substantial decentralization of housing and industry through the location of new land release. The evidence suggests that industrial developers have been willing to build and industrialists to locate in decentralized areas, especially those close to the main urban areas. Furthermore, although vacancy rates are generally higher and rental levels lower in decentralized compared to centralized locations, the extent of the differences over time is not as pronounced as might be expected. Indeed, the overall strength of demand for industrial land, other than in the recent slump, has necessitated special policies to protect land for low‐density industrial users in decentralized locations. As planned decentralization approaches completion, attention is beginning to focus upon redevelopment in the older urban areas and upon the consequences of the Sino‐British Joint Declaration of 1985. Overall, recent land policies in Hong Kong offer the British observer some useful indications of the impact of government intervention in land use on existing property markets.     

Management problems of urban land development in Nigeria: A case of the Kano State Urban Development Board

Summary

This paper presents the major findings of an empirical investigation on the shortcomings of the Kano State Urban Development Board in managing the development and use of new urban land. From generalizations on the factors which have hamstrung the Board's effectiveness in three separate cases it appears that the major issues centre around long‐standing contradictions in legislation. These may be difficult to remove at the moment but in the interest of effective land development management something has to be done.     

Development pressure in the metropolitan fringe

Summary

Increasing market demand for new residential development in the urban fringe, together with changes in national political ideology and planning policy over the last decade, have combined to modify a longstanding opposition to development in the greenbelt. This has heightened the need for local planners and decision‐makers to formulate development plans which incorporate a satisfactory trade‐off between pro‐growth and anti‐growth interests. This paper identifies the principal actors involved in the production of the built environment of the urban fringe and employs a multi‐indicator technique to measure the incidence and intensity of development pressure in Glasgow's metropolitan fringe.     

The influence of valuation practices upon the price of vacant inner city land

Summary

Many earlier studies have provided useful statistical information on the extent of vacant land in British towns and cities, but few have attempted to relate land vacancy to the wider development process. This paper presents recent evidence from Inner Manchester which suggests that valuation practices operate to prevent inner city land prices from falling even in areas of apparent over‐supply. This creates a blockage in the development process. It is shown that asking prices for vacant sites currently on the market are often substantially in excess of the level of prices achieved in recent transactions. As the great waves of compulsory acquisition in Manchester are now over, the statutory rules of valuation do not account for this difference, although historic levels of value have been supported by recent local authority acquisitions by agreement. It is evident that the comparative method of valuation is unable to cope with few transactions or a declining economy, both of which characterize the inner city land market. As a result, inner city land prices appear to be revised downwards only slowly and reluctantly in response to lack of demand or excess supply.     

基于DPSIR模型的市域土地空间配置优化——以天津市为例

研究目的：探索适合城市地域土地空间配置优化的综合定量研究方法,为相关规划与决策提供参考。研究方法：驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应（DPSIR）模型, GIS空间分析法,综合适宜性评价与景观健康评价。研究结果：基于DPSIR模型分析天津市域土地利用的主要压力与影响因素,评价其综合适宜性状态,基于此划定经济发展优先、生态保护优先和协调发展三个土地空间配置方案,并对三个方案进行景观健康影响评价,发现以协调发展方案进行城市建设对未来景观生态健康的影响最小,因此建议选择协调方案作为天津市域土地空间配置优化和功能分区的首选方案。研究结论：基于DRSIR模型进行市域土地空间配置优化研究,不仅有助于研究者针对不同城市土地利用特点选择评价内容与指标,而且可定量化评价土地空间配置方案的潜在生态影响,在一定程度上减少土地空间配置优化方案选择中的人为主观因素,为合理利用土地资源提供科学依据。     

Editorial

Summary

The 1980s in France have seen a growing concern with the phenomenon of ’les friches industrielles’: derelict industrial land. The French have come late to a national recognition of this problem and in some way this is reflected in their analysis of the issues and their policies when contrasted with British experience. This article notes differences in the amount and types of dereliction apparent in France and Britain; discusses possible reasons for these differences; considers some aspects of French policy responses and concludes with possible lessons for British policymakers.     

武汉城市圈土地资源优化配置研究

研究目的:分析武汉城市圈土地利用现状,构建武汉城市圈土地利用结构优化模型,基于两型社会建设目标优选方案,以实现城市圈土地资源优化配置。研究方法:通过设置决策变量、建立约束方程,构建多目标模型;应用matlah软件和灰色预测方法等求解模型,获得土地利用结构调整方案;采用灰色关联分析方法选择最优方案。研究结果:在充分考虑土地利用与社会、经济和生态效益相互协调的情况下,建立土地利用结构优化方案评价指标体系,得到最优方案。研究结论:武汉城市圈土地利用结构优化方案兼顾各业用地需求,优化各类土地资源配置,符合两型社会目标的发展要求。     

基于空间开发潜力评价的泰州市建设用地空间配置研究

研究目的：深化对主体功能区的认识,探讨基于空间开发潜力评价的泰州市建设用地空间配置方法,为相关规划和政策研究提供参考。研究方法：GIS空间分析法、层次分析法、相关性分析法。研究结果：（1）计算出6126个网格单元、95个乡镇（街道）、6个市（区）的空间开发潜力指数以及泰州市极限建设用地容量;（2）建设用地预测建立在供给——需求关系之上,根据空间开发潜力指数和建设用地需求预测,计算出泰州市建设用地总量指标区域分配方案、城镇用地指标区域分配方案、建设用地城乡统筹方案。研究结论：空间开发潜力评价是主体功能区规划的基础,也是建设用地空间配置的重要依据;建设用地空间上的拓展与空间开发潜力指数基本呈正相关。     

Urban regeneration initiatives in England

Summary

This paper outlines some selected policy instruments which the government has introduced to tackle problems of urban land vacancy and which primarily rely upon private sector participation.     

Delineation of property rights as institutional foundations for urban land markets in transition

This paper aims to critically reflect on establishing the new frameworks for land markets and urban land development processes in countries in transition. Based on the doctrine of the so-called ‘property rights’ school, land and property ownership has long been identified as a prerequisite for economic development. The common advice to countries in transition creating new frameworks for land markets was to assign and register property rights. The aim of this paper is to discuss the significance of the delineation of property rights, which for urban land development processes and outcomes falls mainly within the remit of land use regulations. In this paper the concept of property rights regime and its characteristics is developed in order to discuss the delineation of property rights and their relationship with urban land development process and its outcome. Process of land development is conceptualized depending on land ownership (private or public), and the role of the owner in the planning process. The outcome is discussed based on the morphological results and the provision of urban infrastructure. On the basis of empirical experience from transition period in Poland it is argued that the emphasis on private property rights in the absence of the institutional foundations of urban land market under capitalism was bound to produce urban problems. First, the new institutional foundation for urban land market was introduced subsequent to dynamic of emerging real estate market, and viable markets existed despite unsolved question of restitution of property rights. Second, the subsequent delineation of property rights is clearly linked to processes of urban land development, which follow the line of development without planning. It can also be related to the morphological results of urban development like the haphazard location of investments and lack of adequate approach to deal with the provision of urban infrastructure.     

Land prices and land subdivision in Madina,Saudi Arabia; 1965–85

Summary

This paper is concerned with explaining the relationship between land prices and subdivision activity in Madina, Saudi Arabia. This article is not concerned with the effect of land prices on individual landowners, but rather on the supply of land in general. First it is necessary to explain the increase in land prices and why they have risen in real terms over time, what are the periods of growth and decline and what effects have they had on the supply of land for subdivision. This paper then explains the geographical variations in land prices and their influence on the distribution of land subdivision throughout the Madina area, especially in inner city areas and suburban areas.     

从集体用地流转看我国农村土地发展权配置

当前我国农村土地的发展权实质上归属于国家所有,集体建设用地流转是农民集体争取土地发展权及其收益的体现。农村土地发展权的设立与配置是十分必要的。文章通过分析与借鉴国外土地发展权制度的实践经验,对我国农村土地发展权制度进行了设计与构建,主要内容包括农村土地发展权的归属、农用土地发展权配置、集体建设用地发展权配置、农村土地发展权流转、对农村土地发展权的管理等五个方面。     

浙江省城市土地利用集约化与生态化协调性评价

研究目的:分析城市土地利用集约化与生态化协调性的内涵及机理,为城市土地合理利用与可持续发展提供政策建议。研究方法:典型相关分析、协调性评价模型。研究结果:通过构建协调性评价模型,发现全省城市土地利用集约化和生态化水平总体呈现上升趋势,但在2013年后土地利用生态化水平滞后于集约化水平;11个城市各时序阶段上的空间异质性明显,2016年处于协调发展状态的占82%,舟山市的协调发展度全省最高为0.83。研究结论:浙江省城市土地政策的制定要兼顾土地利用的集约化与生态化特征,严控城市建设用地无序扩张,还要研究各城市的经济发展阶段和资源禀赋情况,重视城市土地利用政策的差异性。     

保障性住房用地方式比较及改革思路探索

研究目的:探讨新时期城市土地使用制度的改革思路,满足日益发展的保障性住房建设对土地使用制度的新要求。研究方法:理论分析和实证分析相结合。研究结果:不同保障性住房的土地权属特征及可能产生的影响,提出完善土地使用制度以适应住房保障体系的建议,并以北京市为例进行分析。研究结论:深化城市土地使用制度改革对于保障性住房建设具有重要意义。     

城镇国有土地制度、土地投资与城镇经济发展

研究目的：考察城镇国有土地制度如何影响微观城镇用地主体的土地投资行为,进而影响城镇经济发展。研究方法：基于一个发展的两时期投资决策模型进行理论探究。研究结果：（1）具有“稳定性制度预期”的城镇国有土地制度能吸引微观城镇用地主体的土地投资,进而促进城镇经济发展;（2）在不完全市场条件下,随着城镇后工业经济的发展,残缺的城镇国有土地制度将导致微观城镇用地主体对其土地投资的“后悔效应”, 进而对城镇经济发展带来不利影响。研究结论：以城镇国有土地市场化改革为指向,完善中国城镇国有土地制度对吸引城镇土地投资存在直接且积极的心理预期影响,也将有利于促进城镇经济的发展。