Making tourism work for the poor: Strategies and challenges in southern Africa

This article analyses strategies for 'pro-poor tourism' (PPT), ie strategies that increase the benefits to poor people from tourism development. Based on an international review of six pro-poor tourism case studies, it outlines the wide range of pro-poor tourism strategies used and their impacts to date, with particular focus on southern African case studies. By analysing their progress, problems and the critical factors influencing them, the article identifies implications for the way forward. This review underpins four propositions. First, despite commercial constraints, much can be done to enhance the contribution of tourism to poverty reduction, and a 'PPT' perspective assists in this endeavour. Secondly, PPT strategies can, and should be, incorporated by all actors in tourism, whether in government or business, at local or policy level. Thirdly, a wide range of impacts on poor people, going well beyond jobs, need to be recognised and enhanced. Finally, PPT strategies are difficult, but particularly relevant in southern Africa given the challenges of economic and political transformation, as well as the opportunity to influence international discussions on 'sustainable tourism' at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002.     

Rethinking township tourism: Towards responsible tourism development in South African townships

Township tourism in South Africa has grown in popularity since 1994 and is considered by some to be an appropriate mechanism for stimulating local economic development. This paper suggests, however, that it is not necessarily a viable or responsible development option, since it does not automatically ensure pro-poor benefits or enhance community development. Primary research conducted in Soweto to understand visitor demand and tourism stakeholder perspectives suggests there is a demand for responsible tourism in townships. The paper contributes to South African debates about the developmental role of tourism, township tourism and local economic development, responsible tourism, and the related policy implications. It calls for responsible township tourism development in which local authorities play a vital role and recommends the development of township tourism attractions, with a focus on culture and heritage, to create unique visitor experiences.     

我国旅游上市公司股权融资效率验证分析

本文通过对在沪、深两市上市的24家旅游上市公司相关数据进行分析,得出了我国旅游上市公司的股权融资与经营业绩两者之间存在着某种程度的正相关趋势的结论,分析发现我国旅游上市公司并未出现明显的大规模的股本扩张,公司整体业绩普遍下滑。为此,从供需两方面提出了关于有效筹集与合理利用资本的一些建议。     

Tourism,business linkages and small enterprise development in South Africa

Although considerable attention is given to the prospects for developing small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa's tourism economy, very little relevant research has been undertaken in this regard. In this article, the findings are presented from over 60 detailed interviews conducted with key enterprises and entrepreneurs involved in tourism, outsourcing and small enterprise development in South Africa. The aim is to examine opportunities for outsourcing and business linkage development in South Africa's tourism economy, and to investigate the difficulties that confront the tourism SMME economy through examining the status of business linkages between large tourism enterprises and SMMEs in South Africa. The South African research is located within the context of existing works on tourism and small enterprise development in developing countries.     

完善安徽省旅游扶贫机制的对策研究

旅游扶贫作为一种特殊性的扶贫开发形式，核心目标是通过发展旅游业带动贫困地区经济发展，但目前我省旅游扶贫工作仍然存在很多问题，文章在分析我省旅游扶贫工作现状的基础上，提出今后我省旅游扶贫工作应关注的重点，以此关注贫困人口利益这一核心问题．     

两岸上市公司旅游板块的比较研究

股市中旅游板块是资本市场和旅游业相结合的产物。文章选取大陆、台湾两地的旅游板块为研究对象,从行业划分、上市公司数量、发展周期、股本规模和结构、主营业务类型、多元化经营等六大方面依次进行比较、分析,总结不同旅游板块的特征及其现状。研究表明,两地旅游板块的发展模式既有共性又有个性,可以相互借鉴,实现共同发展。     

从软件企业外包业务分析网络关系对国际化的影响

软件行业是高科技行业国际化中的重要组成,也是网络关系理论构建中和分析“天生国际企业”时被考察最多的行业。中国软件企业在国际竞争中虽然是典型的后来者,但其在涉足国际业务时所表现出来的特征却能给我们很长远的启示。本文试图从中国小型软件企业的外包业务入手,探讨网络关系对企业国际化的影响。研究结果表明,小型软件企业在国际化的过程中,主动寻求网络关系并且能够从这种资源中获益,减少市场成本。该结果支持了两大主流理论,交易成本和资源基础理论的融合。     

明星开店赔多赚少

几年前，腾格尔曾在西安和平路上开了西安的第一家明星餐厅“腾格尔酒楼”，到如今周杰伦等在西安安营扎寨做生意时，腾格尔已悄然退出“江湖”，他的餐厅两三年前就已倒闭，在西安赔了300万。     

Mining companies' role in sustainable development: The 'why' and 'how' of corporate social responsibility from a business perspective

This article - the first in a pair of articles on corporate social responsibility (CSR) - provides an overview of mining companies' role in sustainable development, from a business perspective and in the South African context. It argues that companies' social and environmental responsibilities are increasing, due to global changes in the way the role of business is perceived, South African policy developments, as well as a strong 'business case' for companies to actively support sustainable development - beyond philanthropy and impact mitigation. Partnerships between companies, the government and civil society are introduced as a potentially effective and efficient strategy for CSR. They are no panacea, however, and require a commitment to local communities' rights to informed prior consent and authentic participation. CSR hence presents mining companies with significant challenges. Given committed leadership and the right approach, it can entail important opportunities as well. Particular attention will need to be given to potential tensions between the international debate surrounding CSR, on the one hand, and local South African development challenges and companies' responses to them, on the other.     

业务外包在电信企业的运用与管理

随着市场竞争程度的不断加大,电信企业间的竞争已经从过去产品、价格竞争逐步向成本、服务竞争方向发展。每个企业都在努力寻找各种解决方案,以达到降低经营成本,提高运营效率,减小投资风险,增强组织灵活性和市场竞争力的目的。业务外包这种经营管理模式使企业实现这些目标成     

我国旅游城市零售业商圈发展瓶颈问题研究——以三亚市为例

旅游业在我国国民经济中占有重要地位,它促进了经济发展,增加了就业,提高了国民收入。在旅游业快速发展的同时,相关零售业也得以带动,并在不少旅游城市慢慢形成了具有一定特色的商圈。然而,总的来看,这些商圈还处于初级阶段,规模较小,功能并不完善。这是因为还或多或少地存在着一些制约因素,成为这些旅游城市零售业商圈健康发展的瓶颈。这些瓶颈问题不解决,将会对当地的旅游业造成负面影响。本文即是以我国热带滨海旅游城市——三亚市为例,通过实地走访调查,结合相关文献研究,总结归纳了制约我国旅游城市零售业商圈发展的瓶颈问题,并有针对性地提出了相应的对策建议。     

Russian big business 2000–2005: Key trends in its transformation and development

A definition of big business as applied to contemporary Russia is given and its principal forms of subsistence and development phases are identified. The article focuses on the recent Fundamental Shift, or the transition from integrated business groups to companies, and its internal political and external economic causes and implications are revealed. Much attention is paid to the changing role of ownership relations, a new pattern of interaction with the state, and the dynamics of big business’s industry pattern. An appendix lists leading Russian companies and integrated business groups as of the end of 2005.     

水库移民社区旅游开发态度的实证研究——以山东省东平湖为例

文章认为水库旅游开发应充分发动当地社区积极参与,而东平湖水库移民社区作为返迁型移民社区,代表着移民的集体利益,决定着旅游扶贫战略在东平湖水库可持续实施的成功与否。因此,文章立足于田野调查,将移民放置于社区参与的理论框架中,获得了东平湖水库移民社区对旅游开发的群体性态度,相关启示对于指导该库区以及类似库区的旅游可持续发展有重要现实意义。     

How should civil society (and the government) respond to 'corporate social responsibility'? A critique of business motivations and the potential for partnerships

In theory, corporate social responsibility (CSR) considers private companies as potentially important development agents, particularly in partnership with the government and civil society groups. Following on the first article by Hamann in this issue, which considered the business perspective, this article considers how civil society should respond to the CSR and partnership concepts, with reference to the South African context. Firstly, a critical view of CSR emphasises the need to consider underlying motivations for business to embrace and perpetuate the CSR concept. These may relate to accommodation - the implementation of cosmetic changes to business practice in order to preclude bigger changes - and legitimisation - the influence by business over popular and policy-related discourse in order to define what questions may be asked and what answers are feasible. The second part of the article describes important benefits of the CSR concept for civil society groups, in terms of increased power and rights and hence better negotiating positions. This, however, requires that non-governmental organisations and others proactively engage in shaping the CSR debates, by insisting, inter alia, that CSR be underpinned by corporate accountability. Finally, the article argues that partnerships with business can indeed be beneficial to civil society groups, but that a critical position needs to be maintained within this cooperative approach, namely 'critical cooperation'. Such partnerships will require the strategic use of power-, rights- and interest-based negotiation. Following a brief overview of some recent South African experiences in the mining and chemicals sectors, the article concludes by pointing out the important role of the government in facilitating fair and effective partnerships.     

立体化的外贸企业电子商务战略研究

在外贸企业中建设外贸电子商务系统有着非常重要的意义,它能有效提高外贸业务流程效率,使企业内部管理规范化,并改善客户服务,增强企业竞争力,因此,外贸企业电子商务系统要提升到战略的高度来筹划。企业成功规划外贸电子商务系统,必须充分分析互联网时代客户需求的本质及其变化,企业现实与将来的业务需求及业务流程,合理规划系统功能结构和技术结构。为全面集成企业信息,强化企业与客户的交易与沟通,通过整合企业内部及外部网络,将互联网商务、局域网商务等纳入到公司整体电子商务战略中,构建全面立体化的外贸企业电子商务战略。     

Local economic development by community business

The contribution of community business to local economic development is being increasingly recognised. In Scotland's largest Region, Strathclyde, there are already 35 community businesses trading. The companies - community owned, community controlled and non-profit distributing - are almost exclusively based in 'deprived' areas. Glen Buchanan looks at the background of deteriorating employment opportunities against which community businesses have emerged, outlines the characteristics of community business, analyses their role as an agent for local economic development, and appraises the work of Strathclyde Community Business Ltd, the UK's largest community business development agency.     

Benefits to local communities from community conservancies in Namibia: an assessment

This article evaluates the benefits of community-based activities in wildlife conservancies in Namibia by asking three questions: Do community conservancies contribute to an increase in household welfare? Are such programmes pro-poor; that is, do they improve welfare more for poorer households than for the less poor? Does participation in conservancy increase household welfare more for participants than non-participants? This study bases the analyses on a 2002 survey covering seven conservancies and 1192 households. The results suggest that community conservancies have a positive impact on household welfare. The authors also conclude that this impact is poverty-neutral in some regions and pro-poor in others. Further, welfare benefits from conservancies appear to be fairly evenly distributed between participant and non-participant households.     

Small business service firms and the 1990s recession in the United Kingdom: Implications for local economic development

During the 1990s recession, the UK experienced a dramatic growth in employment in information-intensive business firms. This paper explores this growth with reference to small management consultancy and market research firms. Business service firms continued to be established and to grow during the recession because of three related attributes: professional expertise, an existing reputation and a network of client contacts. These attributes are related to the theoretical work of Granovetter (1973; 1982; 1985) who argues that “weak ties” operate to connect different groups of people together. The implications of these attributes for local economic development are considered. Success for all companies at the level of the local economy will be partially dependent on efficient and effective use of available business service expertise. The three attributes make it impossible to develop successful mechanisms to encourage the formation of business service companies in areas with underdeveloped service infrastructure. Mechanisms, however, may be developed at the local level to encourage the establishment of “weak ties” between local companies and regional and national providers of business service expertise.     

Tourism and local economic development: The case of the Highlands Meander

Local economic development (LED) planning is of major policy importance in post-apartheid South Africa. Although issues surrounding LED have attracted considerable policy attention, one neglected theme has been the role of tourism as a lead sector for LED. The aim of this article is to examine the planning and workings of one tourism-led LED initiative in South Africa. The case study is that of the Highlands Meander in Mpumalanga province, where five towns are collaborating in their LED initiatives in order to promote the area's tourism products. A key finding is that this growing tourism initiative is currently not benefiting local black communities. Recommendations are offered for developing a pro-poor tourism initiative.     

越南商事仲裁制度的最新发展

越南商事仲裁法在2010年进行了修改。与2003年的仲裁法相比,越南2010年仲裁法在仲裁管辖范围、仲裁员制度、仲裁协议、仲裁程序、司法支持和监督等方面都做出了较大改变。最后给有意前往越南经商的中国企业和自然人提供仲裁参考。