略论美国联邦政府对大学科研的资助对我国的启示

从全球范围来看,大学在各国的科研体系当中都占据着相当重要的地位。二战后美国科技的快速发展与联邦政府对于大学科研的大力投入是密不可分的。文章通过考察美国联邦政府资助大学科研的类型与科研资金分配的方式,剖析了其利弊,以期为我国大学科研事业的发展提供有益的借鉴。     

The Government's Deregulation Initiative

The Government is undertaking a range of measures to tackle the burden of excessive red tape on business, This is a continuing programme requiring inputs from both government and business.     

循环经济内在稳定发展的政府角色分析

目前我国循环经济发展进程中,存在着诸多的不稳定因素.本文认为,循环经济主体参与的根本原因应是基于利益的驱动,而绝不仅仅是道德因素作用的结果;纯粹的市场调节无法达到目的,因此微观经济政策的制定与完善就显得尤为必要.本文研究并论证循环经济发展中市场机制的培育与政府角色的定位,提出了促进循环经济有效发展的政策取向.     

中小企业融资中政府的角色和作用分析

中小企业是活跃市场经济,满足社会需求的重要经济成分。中小企业融资难是制约中小企业发展的主要因素,如何提高中小企业融资的成功率和效率不仅是中小企业自身的问题,在我国市场经济不完善的条件下,更要政府发挥应有的角色作用。对当前融资方式和潜在融资方式中政府角色进行分析,在顺应建立健全社会主义市场经济体制要求的前提下,摒弃行政干预惯性思维的束缚,政府在中小企业融资过程中要做到有所为和有所不为。     

政府在国有企业退出中的角色研究

针对国有企业改革的现状,在进行相关文献回顾的基础上,从所有权、历史包袱、退出平稳性三方面阐述政府主导国企退出的客观必然性与合理性。政府作为国有企业改革的主导者,应制定有效的退出援助政策与措施,并通过财政拨款、国有资产变现、建立健全各项社会保障等途径来筹措退出资金,为国有企业的顺利退出创造条件。     

The Role of Public Information in Corporate Social Responsibility

Many of the attributes that make a good “socially responsible” (SR) are credence attributes that cannot be learned by consumers either through search or experience. Consumers, then, use for their purchasing decisions “noisy” information about these attributes obtained from potentially contradictory channels (media, advertisement, NGOs). In this paper we model such informational framework and show the positive relationship between the accuracy of the information transmitted to consumers and corporate social responsibility. We also show that a firm may be tempted to add noise to the information channel (through lobbying of the media), which might reduce the supply of the SR attributes and even harm the firm itself (with lower profits). It might then be profitable to the firm to commit ex ante to not manipulate the information regarding the firm's business practices (e.g., with a partnership with an NGO). Finally, we extend our model to a competition framework endogenizing the number of firms active in the SR segment. We show both that in more transparent markets a larger number of firms will be SR, and that in a market with more intense competition, a higher degree of transparency is required in order to sustain a given number of SR firms.     

The Role of Information and Influence in Social Networks

A bstract .   This article examines two mechanisms through which social networks are related to job mobility: (1) access to diverse sources of information about job openings and (2) nonredundant sources of influence. Using data on job changing and social networks among television station managers, we assess the extent to which job information and influence variables mediate the relationship between social network structure and getting a better job. Results indicate that there is an association between job mobility and having nonredundant contacts, but our measures of the information and influence mechanisms are not significant mediators. We conclude by reexamining the network-resource model that forms the basis for much of the research on the relationship between social networks and job mobility.     

The Role of Social Scientific Inquiry in Technology Transfer

Technology, the application of science to achieve practical results in the area of production (as economists use the term), can be understood only in a limited way from a strict disciplinary framework such as those prevailing in the social sciences. Perhaps the most restrictive is the limitation from the viewpoint of economics. The author (an economist) illustrates this contention with some interdisciplinary dimensions of technology encountered in developing countries, such as those pertaining to indigenous technological generation and technology transfer. A development framework incorporating such interdisciplinary dimensions, it is argued, is a prerequisite for formulating meaningful technology policies which help to promote an improved quality of life in developing countries.     

多任务代理下地方政府行为取向研究

从中央对地方政府的激励机制出发,分析了在“经济人”假设下地方政府的行为受激励机制的影响,并通过实证分析证明了地方政府重视基础设施建设而轻视科教文卫等支出;地方政府从追求“社会合意”型向追求“中央合意”型转变。地方政府的这一行为取向影响到公共品供给效率,以致带来某些公共品提供不足而某些公共品供给过度等后果。     

Deirdre Mccloskey,Kirznerian Growth and The Role of Social Networks

This article expands on the view of Deirdre McCloskey that the economic growth of the Western world since the end of the eighteenth century can be explained by the process of entrepreneurial change as expounded by Israel Kirzner. This article argues that while Kirzner's approach to economic development is indeed fruitful, it should be augmented through the study of social networks, which McCloskey has largely ignored. When social networks are seen in the light of the Kirznerian process of entrepreneurship, they represent an important institution that relays information about the proper identification and perception of opportunities.     

Understanding the Social Role of Entrepreneurship

There is a need to rethink and redefine the social value added of entrepreneurial activities to society. In this paper we develop five pillars on which the evolving social role of entrepreneurship can rest and have its impact: (1) connecting entrepreneurial activities to other societal efforts aimed at improving the quality of life, achieving progress, and enriching human existence, (2) identifying ways to reduce the dysfunctional effects of entrepreneurial activities on stakeholders, (3) redefining the scope of entrepreneurial activities as a scholarly arena, (4) recognizing entrepreneurship's social multiplier, and (5) pursuing blended value at the organizational level, centring on balancing the creation of financial, social and environmental wealth. In a final section we discuss implications for practices and for further research.     

工程造价管理在地方经济社会发展中的作用

在建筑行业工程造价专业涉及面广,专业人才需求量非常大。按工程不同的建设阶段,工程造价具有不同的形式,从项目提出到最后竣工完成投入使用的每个阶段都需要有工程造价管理方面的工作。目前全国各地都在进行大规模基础建设,工程造价管理在地方经济社会发展中发挥着重大作用。     

Picking the Measuring Stick: The Role of Leaders in Social Comparisons

Organizational members frequently evaluate how their abilities and standing compare with those of their colleagues. Although these comparisons can have a negative impact on organizations, little attention has been paid to the role of leaders in these processes. Drawing on interviews with individuals in leadership positions in business schools, we develop a framework to explain what triggers leaders’ attention to social comparisons among faculty and how they become involved in them. Central to this framework are leaders’ self‐schemas, which encompass their preferences about the criteria members should use in making comparisons. Leaders’ self‐schemas are activated by discrepancies between their own comparative judgements and those they perceive members to be making and impel them to act in ways consistent with their preferred bases of comparison. Our framework repositions social comparisons as a multi‐perspectival, political phenomenon in which leaders see themselves as playing a role in shaping members’ evaluations and workplace interactions.     

Bureaucrats as "Social Engineers": Federal Welfare Programs in Herbert Hoover's America

A bstract . Historians interested in 20th century American reform often seek to analyze the ideologies of political leaders separately from the institutions that these same leaders created. Such emphases on ideas, as opposed to actions, has, for example, led "revisionist" American historians to argue that the presidencies of Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt were "conceptually continuous." Our examination of the major social welfare programs undertaken by the federal government in the 1920s disputes this claim. Examination of the operations of the federal bureaucracy instead of the rhetoric of politicians demonstrates the existence of decided policy differences between the Hoover and Roosevelt eras. "Efficiency" analogues dominant during the Hoover era were replaced with "direct service-provider" approaches which created a clear distinction between private and public welfare programs. Elements of "continuity" between the two eras have been overdrawn. Background is provided for increased understanding of some of the policy implications of America's contemporary welfare debate—particularly about "rehabilitation" strategies and/or rationales for action in the social welfare field.     

Managing Legitimacy in Business-Driven Social Change: The Role of Relational Work

This paper examines how companies manage their legitimacy in driving social change, drawing attention to how companies proactively negotiate their involvement with nonmarket actors. Building on the legitimacy-as-process perspective, I argue that companies construct the legitimacy of their involvement by engaging in relational work, that is, by investing efforts in shaping their relations with others and thereby redefining roles and responsibilities. To explore the role of relational work in business-driven social change, I present an inductive, interpretive study of a pharmaceutical company’s efforts to build a market for its products by improving diabetes care in Indonesia. Grounded in the empirical study, I develop a process model to explain how legitimacy is redefined from the bottom-up, that is, how a company’s involvement is re-negotiated in situ and crafted to attain the social approval of a wider audience. Advancing the micro-foundations of nonmarket strategy, the model offers new insights into how companies can organize with nonmarket actors and how they can effectively publicize their involvement as socially responsible. I also discuss the model’s implications for a more critical research agenda on the political responsibilities of companies in social change.     

浅析城镇化进程中政府的生态责任

城镇化是城镇人口增多、城镇用地面积比例增加、第二三产业比重提高的动态过程。人口集聚与产业的发展伴随着资源消耗、生活废弃物和工业"三废"增多等引起的资源短缺、环境污染以及生态破坏等"城市病"。政府作为公共权力机关,既是城镇化的主导者,也是解决城镇化进程中生态问题的核心力量。政府可通过合理规划城镇发展路径、提供生态制度与公用产品等来有效处理好城镇化进程中的生态环境问题,确保城镇生态环境质量,建设生态宜居城镇。     

社会角色理论视野下的民营企业家社会责任

民营企业被誉为中国经济发展的推动者和先锋,然而其在快速发展过程中也产生了系列问题,引起了社会各界的广泛关注,促使了社会各界对民营企业家社会责任进行深入的思考。从社会角色理论角度对民营企业家社会责任的内涵和内容进行讨论。     

Making the Prevention of Homelessness a Priority: The Role of Social Innovation

Mass homelessness emerged in Canada in the wake of neoliberal policies that reduced government production of housing and other supportive measures. Efforts to reduce homelessness have occurred in three stages: 1) an emergency response in the 1990s that consisted mostly of investment in shelters, soup kitchens, and day programs, 2) the implementation of community plans to end homelessness, combined with the adoption of Housing First as a strategy that seeks to provide reliable shelter as a first step to anyone without it, followed by other remedial services, and 3) the recent development in Canada of early intervention strategies to prevent homelessness from its inception. The second stage was highly successful in dealing with the situation of chronically homeless adults, and many communities have begun to see reductions in homelessness. However effective, this approach does not break the cycle by intercepting potentially homeless individuals in their youth, which is when it begins for many people. Canada is at the beginning stages of the move towards a stronger focus on prevention, aided by a social innovation agenda to identify, design, test, and evaluate preventive interventions to determine which ones will be most strategically effective, setting the stage for implementation and going to scale.