东亚货币合作可行性的经济数据检验——基于OCA理论的分析

在最优货币区理论构筑的分析框架下,东亚区域在经济开放度、出口产品结构相似性、经济冲击对称性方面达到了OCA理论的标准,而在生产要素的流动性、金融市场一体化等方面距离最优货币区的标准尚有差距,但是这种差距正在缩小。通货膨胀相似性方面东亚整体虽未满足OCA标准的要求,但是有次区域已经符合这一标准。考虑到最优货币区标准的内生性,而且大量文献通过对东亚地区进行分组并采用不同的研究方法,证明东亚地区存在形成最优货币区的潜力,因而对次区域的货币合作可行性分析依然乐观。     

亚洲货币合作论

在金融、经济自由化、全球化的国际经济背景下,金融系统的不稳定性增强,当今国际货币体系的内在缺陷仍然无法克服.虽然改革的呼声越来越高,真正可行的措施却并未施行.在这样的背景下,亚洲各国逐渐意识到深化货币合作是必要而且紧迫的.本文通过对最优货币区的理论阐述、亚洲货币合作的可行性实证分析及其阻碍因素的分析,提出了促进亚洲货币合作的相关建议.     

对东亚建立最优货币区的探讨

随着区域经济一体化的发展,越来越多的学者开始关注东亚的区域经济合作,试图将欧元区的成功经验用于东亚地区,建立东亚的最优货币区.本文通过对最优货币区的简单介绍以及对最优货币区评判标准的分析与研究,得出结论,认为东亚并不具备建立最优货币区的可行性.     

最优货币理论及东亚单一货币区的构想

由美国著名经济学院蒙代尔教授创立的“最优货币区”理论，40多年来，随着欧洲货币联盟的形成和欧元的诞生，得到了不断的发展和完善。本文将主要通过对建立最优货币区标准的比较以及加入货币区成本收益的分析，探讨在东亚地区建立单一货币区的可行性，并提出了相应的实施建议。     

东亚货币合作的可行性分析

从20世纪60年代至今,许多经济学家提出的货币一体化观点和标准使得最优货币区理论不断得到完善和发展。我们以欧元区理论与实践研究为范本,选取适合建立亚洲统一货币体系的几个最为重要的指标,结合东亚主要经济体的经济结构和政策目标,探索东亚地区货币合作的可能性。然后以人民币国际化进程为核心,讨论东亚货币合作的可能途径,从而达到亚洲地区经济稳定发展和金融一体化的目标     

中国与东盟区域金融合作二重框架解析

本文运用最优货币区的指标体系对中国东盟组成"最优货币区"进行检验,结论显示静态条件并不充分.但中国与东盟五个新兴市场国家在中长期内具备进行汇率或货币合作的可能;而与澜沧江湄公河次区域国家则存在与拉美国家美元化合作形态类似的发展轨迹.因此,本文认为,在整个东盟区域内推进区域金融合作应采取渐进的二重式合作,即与条件较为成熟的新兴市场国家采取以单一货币区为长期目标的"欧盟式"区域金融合作;与次区域国家则选择"拉美式"的人民币主导货币区域化的货币合作模式.     

最优货币区理论研究进展

最优货币区(optimal currency area)理论是对货币一体化认识过程及实践发展进程的反映与总结。在区域经济联系加强初见端倪时,人们开始讨论满足什么样条件的地理空间可以组建最优货币区。理论基础最早可以追溯到20世纪60年代芒德尔基于固定汇率和浮动汇率之争提出的“最优货币区理论”,该理论研究了一组国家在具备一定条件的基础上可以组成最优货币区,在经济趋同的基础上实行单一货币。虽然芒德尔所指的最优货币区是指已经实现了货币一体化并采用单一货币的区域,但是最优货币区理论却可作为分析区域货币一体化问题以及其他货币合作问题的理论基础和分析框架。20世纪90年代以来,随着欧洲货币一体化实践的发展,北美自由贸易区经济一体化进程的加速,以及东亚货币合作及货币一体化问题日益在理论和实践中进入议事日程,人们逐渐认识到货币一体化已是世界区域经济发展的潮流。研究视野不再停留在是否组建货币区,而是讨论加入货币区的国别判断标准(即单个国家如何判断是否加入货币区,以及何时加入货币区)。由此,最优货币区理论在20世纪90年代以来得到了新的发展。     

东亚单一货币可行性分析

结合“最优货币区”理论对东亚单一货币的形成条件以及加入货币区的成本与收益进行了分析。虽然目前东亚尚不具备组建单一货币区的条件,但从合作博弈的俱乐部理论来看,在可预见的未来,东亚建立单一货币区是有可能的。     

区域经济一体化的最优货币区理论分析

欧盟是迄今为止运行最为成功的区域经济一体化组织,欧元的出现以及成功运行标志着区域经济一体化进入货币一体化的更高层次。作者首先阐述了区域经济一体化理论的产生与发展以及蒙代尔教授提出的最优货币区理论,并提出了从最优货币区理论的角度来分析区域经济一体化理论的观点,然后探讨了在一个经济区域内建立最优货币区的标准的问题,最后用 GG-LL模型分析了区域内各经济体与最优货币区的关系,从而最终建立了分析区域经济一体化本质的新视野。     

从区域性公共产品理论视角看东亚金融合作的路径

近年来国际金融危机的爆发和持续加快了东亚地区国家在"10+3"框架下的经济合作进程,2010年东亚外汇储备库的建立更是成为亚洲地区金融与货币一体化的起步。文章从区域性公共产品的理论视角出发,以东亚地区外汇储备库为分析对象,试图以此为切入点,对东亚地区国家在金融货币领域合作提供区域性公共产品的模式及特点作一简单分析,并以此对地区金融合作的路径与方向给出自己的思考。     

制度因素与东亚双边贸易:贸易引力模型的实证分析

银行与金融、政府干预、黑市活动、资本流动与外国投资、货币政策对东亚经济体出口贸易有重要影响,银行与金融、政府干预、产权、政府负担对东亚经济体进口贸易有重要影响。提高政府干预质量,积极合理地引进国际直接投资,建立并完善公正廉洁高效的司法体系应成为东亚经济体各政府未来重要的政策取向。     

The endogeneity of the Optimum Currency Area criteria in East Asia

The Asian financial crisis in mid-1997 has increased interest in policies to achieve greater regional exchange rate stability in East Asia. It has renewed calls for greater monetary and exchange rate cooperation. A country's suitability to join a monetary union depends, inter alia, on the trade intensity and the business cycle synchronization with other potential members of the monetary union. However, these two Optimum Currency Area criteria are endogenous. Theoretically, the effect of increased trade integration (after the elimination of exchange fluctuations among the countries in the region) on the business cycle synchronization is ambiguous. Reduction in trade barriers can potentially increase industrial specialization by country and therefore resulting in more asymmetry business cycles from industry-specific shocks. On the other hand, increased trade integration may result in more highly correlated business cycles due to common demand shocks or intra-industry trade. If the second hypothesis is empirically verified, policy makers have little to worry about the region being unsynchronized in their business cycles as the business cycles will become more synchronized after the monetary union is formed. This paper assesses the dynamic relationships between trade, finance, specialization and business cycle synchronization for East Asian economies using a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. The dynamic panel approach improves on previous efforts to examine the business cycle correlations — trade link using panel procedures, which control for the potential endogeneity of all explanatory variables. Based on the findings on how trade, finance and sectoral specialization have effects on the size of common shocks among countries, potential policies that can help East Asian countries move closer toward a regional currency arrangement can be suggested. The empirical results of this study suggest that there exists scope for East Asia to form a monetary union.     

东亚货币合作的制约因素与政策建议

根据建立货币区的相关衡量标准,目前东亚地区还存在着经济趋同障碍、政治障碍、第N种货币问题以及缺乏区域性的超国家货币管理机构等制约因素.因此,现阶段尚无法建立东亚货币合作区.目前较为现实的选择是分阶段渐进推进东亚货币一体化进程,包括加强区域内的多边汇率政策协调、建立次区域货币区、最终建立东亚共同货币区.     

Macroeconomic Linkages and Regional Monetary Cooperation: Steps Ahead*

There is a growing appetite for economic cooperation in East Asia. Although the region has forums to facilitate this, economic cooperation has focussed largely on discussion of issues and policies ? cooperative action is confined to functional cooperation in finance. There is scope for further cooperation in strengthening markets and institutions, with a view to accelerating convergence and stability in the region and deepening shared preferences about policy objectives, including on monetary and exchange rate issues. Although monetary policy in East Asia is generally focussed on controlling inflation, differences remain in economic structure and preferences about policy trade‐offs, markets, and institutions.     

Can a comparative capitalism approach explain fiscal policy activism?

This study investigates the implications of models of capitalism for the responsiveness of countries’ fiscal policies during business cycles using new data for member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and China. We expand the literature by adding the category of East Asian nonliberal capitalism to the established distinction of liberal market economies and nonliberal coordinated market economies. These three differ substantially not just in their fiscal policies, but also in monetary policies, degree of financial market orientation, exchange rate regime, and labor market organization. As in previous studies, we find that governments of liberal economies adopt more countercyclical fiscal policies. Departing from existing studies, however, among the nonliberal models of capitalism, (East Asian) state-led models have more countercyclical fiscal policies than (European) coordinated market economies, perhaps as countercyclical as liberal economies, both historically and during the 2007–9 crisis. This is due to less independent central banks, managed float of exchange rates, and limited financial market orientation and financial openness in East Asia, which allow for more active fiscal policy. Among political factors, left-of-center governments, fractionalized party systems, and election years are associated weakly with countercyclical fiscal policy, as expected. Labor market coordination and welfare generosity have unclear roles in regard to fiscal policy, a topic for future research.     

TOWARD A REGIONAL EXCHANGE RATE REGIME IN EAST ASIA

Abstract.  Deepening market-driven economic integration in East Asia makes intraregional exchange rate across the region increasingly desirable and necessary. The paper suggests that East Asia's emerging economies begin to choose a currency basket as a monetary policy anchor to enable all East Asian currencies to collectively appreciate vis-à-vis the US dollar, while maintaining intraregional rate stability, in the event of surges of capital inflows or a rapid unwinding of global payments imbalances. Following this initial step, East Asia may agree on more rigid intraregional exchange rate stabilization schemes through, for example, an Asian Snake or an Asian Exchange Rate Mechanism.     

The monetary transmission mechanism: evidence and implications for European Monetary Union

We provide some evidence consistent with a heterogeneous credit channel of monetary policy transmission in the European Union. Using the techniques of cointegration and Error Correction Models, we have shown that the external finance premium is one important leading indicator of real economic activity in Germany and Italy. No evidence is found for France and the UK. Therefore, a common monetary policy implemented by the European Central Bank might be transmitted in different ways across the member countries of the monetary union, thus exacerbating existing regional disparities among the member countries.     

欧元体系财政与货币政策协调性分析

欧元区集中统一的货币政策和权力分散的财政政策 ,已有 4年多的实践历程 ,实践表明财政与货币政策协调性较差 ,欧盟的机构设置与政策结构的设计的确存在缺陷 ,采取扩张性货币政策缓解内部冲击与价格稳定首要目标已处于两难境地。实现统一的“大财政”,通过财政转移 ,重新配置资源 ,以帮助成员国吸收不对称冲击的影响 ,是提高欧元体系财政与货币政策协调性措施之一。     

Business cycles synchronization in East Asian economy: Evidences from time-varying coherence study

This paper analyzes the feasibility of a monetary union in East Asia focusing on business cycles synchronization. Considering the critical role of trade integration in the East Asian integration process, we study whether East Asian countries are characterized by business cycle synchronization. The related empirical literature dedicated to business cycles synchronization in East Asia does not lead to firm conclusion. In this paper, we suggest a different empirical approach allowing, contrary to the previous studies, to detect endogenously structural changes in the comovement process between outputs. We apply a new measure based on the time-varying coherence function. Such a measure not only detects comovement dynamics but it distinguishes also this dynamics between short- and long-term. We compute also cohesion statistics to test if countries tend to be more synchronized or not. The main finding of this paper is that the increase in bilateral trade inside the East Asian region significantly improves long-run business cycle synchronization. The short-run influence of bilateral trade shows mixed results. Indeed, short-run cycles remain significantly influenced both by shocks hitting each country and by economic policy responses. As a consequence, more bilateral trade and convergence in economic policy constitute two complementary processes to promote business cycle synchronization.     

Is East Asia an optimum currency area?

This paper assesses the empirical desirability of the East Asian economies to an alternative exchange rate arrangement (a monetary union) that can potentially enhance the exchange rate stability and credibility in the region. Specifically, the symmetry in macroeconomic disturbances of the East Asian economies is examined as satisfying one of the preconditions for forming an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). We extend the existing literature by improving the methodology of assessing the symmetry shocks in evaluating the suitability of a common currency area in the East Asian economies employing the Bayesian State-Space Based approach. We consider a model of an economy in which the output is influenced by global, regional and country-specific shocks. The importance of a common regional shock would provide a case for a regional common currency. This model allows us to examine regional and country-specific cycles simultaneously with the world business cycle. The importance of the shocks decomposition is that studying a subset of countries can lead one to believe that observed co-movement is particular to that subset of countries when it in fact is common to a much larger group of countries. In addition, the understanding of the sources of international economic fluctuations is important for making policy decisions. The falling share of country specific factor and the rising role of region factor indicate that East Asia has become increasingly favorable for a monetary union. However, the share of country-specific factor that is still significant implies that it could be costly to renounce individual currencies to advance into a monetary union in East Asia.