当代中国女性人口迁移的发展及其结构特征

近年中国的人口迁移得到了大发展,其中女性的增长速度显著超过了男性,人口迁移中长期的男性优势基本上已不复存在.女性迁入人口对经济较发达的东南沿海城市化地区有很高的集中度,主要迁出源是位于中西部的江西、湖南、安徽、四川等省区.在不同的女性人口之间,较年轻的未婚者迁移率明显高于已婚者,此外,受教育程度、民族成分等对迁移率也有一定的影响.     

通向城市户籍制度改革的阶梯——论新型城镇化背景下对人口迁移率的影响

新型城镇化建设作为区域协调发展的主推力原始,对城镇化的提出是我国发展的重大命题,也成为了我国将完成2020年全面建成小康社会发展过程中的重要载体。视角放在城市户籍制度改革对于人口迁移率的影响因子,文章从农村劳动力的迁移为方向点出发,将山西省人口迁移数据加以分析进行定量评估,从而探讨新型城镇化推行下户籍制度改革导致农村人口的迁移率以及对城乡居民生活水平的影响。     

中国国际人口迁移的空间格局及影响因素

国际人口迁移是人口地理学研究的核心内容之一,而空间格局又是国际迁移研究的重要方面.基于联合国人口司公布的国际移民数据,利用国际移民规模存量与比重、集中化指数以及有效迁移率等指标探讨中国国际人口迁移的空间格局、变化趋势及影响因素.中国在长期作为全球主要国际移民迁出国的同时,也逐渐成为重要的国际迁移目的地国;中国国际移民的来源国和目的地国均呈现出集中分布的特征,其中目的地国主要集中于北美、欧洲、澳洲以及东亚国家,而来源国则主要集中于亚洲、南美和北美的部分国家;1990-2013年间,中国国际输出移民目的地国分布呈现集中化的趋势,而移民来源国分布则表现出分散化的特征;就有效迁移率而言,中国相对于巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡、巴西、越南、秘鲁、菲律宾、印度而言,属于移民净流入国家,但相对其他大部分国家则是移民净流出国;此外,国家间经济发展差距、迁移距离、移民网络、经济全球化均对中国国际移民格局有重要影响.     

一本研究中国人口迁移的好书——对《迁移与发展——中国改革开放以来的实证》一书的简要评述

中国的人口迁移是自20世纪70年代末、80年代初改革开放以后才开始稳定、健康地发展起来,日趋活跃的人口迁移对中国现代化的发展产生了深刻的影响.对改革开放以来中国人口迁移的状况和未来的发展趋势进行研究,进而探讨人口迁移与中国社会、经济发展之间的关系,具有十分重要的意义.由科学出版社2005年11月出版、复旦大学人口研究所王桂新等著的<迁移与发展-中国改革开放以来的实证>一书是一本对中国人口迁移,尤其是改革开放以来的人口迁移进行系统研究的学术专著.该书虽然是多项课题研究成果的集成,但是却体系清晰、逻辑分明,将研究的视角从全国范围逐步缩小到长江和珠江三角洲乃至上海市.全书共分为四大部分:(1)回顾了新中国成立以来中国人口迁移的发展历程,总结了不同时期的人口迁移特征,并展望了21世纪中国人口的迁移流动趋势;(2)从省际人口迁移区域模式、迁移在业人口特征、迁移原因、东中西三大地带人口迁移特征、长三角和珠三角省际人口迁移比较、省际二次人口迁移及其影响因素等方面对改革开放以来中国省际人口迁移的基本状况进行了考察;(3)探讨了中国省际人口迁移对经济发展的推动作用及其对中国区域劳动力配置和产业结构升级优化的影响;(4)分析了人口迁移对上海城市发展的影响,进而对上海未来人口发展的政策提出了建议.     

1990-2013年国际人口迁移特征、机制及影响研究

在全球化背景下国际人口迁移呈持续增长态势.利用“2013年全球国际人口迁移趋势”和“2013年经合组织国家国际人口迁移展望”数据,分析1990-2013年国际人口迁移的规模、流向、结构等的变动趋势及区域特征,揭示国际人口迁移的主要动力机制,包括发达国家和发展中国家之间经济社会发展的巨大差距、经济全球化、世界经济政治格局变动、国际移民政策调整和人口规模等,以及国际人口迁移对迁入国和迁出国经济发展、劳动就业、财政收支、人口增长等方面产生的影响.     

北京市的人口迁移与住房需求关系探究

近十几年北京等特大城市的房价一涨再涨,其背后原因错综复杂,其中大量的人口迁移成为关注焦点,但人口迁移不单单引起人口数量变大,更有人口年龄结构年轻化,和迁移人口家庭户规模等变化。这些因素综合起来影响住房需求,从而影响房价波动。     

中国人口、人力资本变化趋势

利用多状态人口预测模型,以2000年人口普查为基础数据,在对数据进行评估和修订的基础上,综合相关研究成果对未来生育水平、死亡水平、人口迁移和教育转换等参数进行估计,预测了2000年到2030年人口规模的变化,对未来人口的年龄结构特别是老龄化和未来人口和劳动年龄人口的人力资本进行了预测,并分析了城市化和人口迁移对我国未来人口发展的影响。预测结果对我国编制人口规划、制定应对老龄化、提高人力资本和合理利用劳动力的有关政策具有重要意义。     

我国人口迁移的特点及对经济发展的影响

人口迁移是一个地区的户籍人口转移到另外一个地区工作,逐渐成为另一个地区的常住人口。我国人口迁移具有逐年增加,较高学历、落后地区迁入发达地区等特点。人口迁移能够促进我国地区间经济逐步趋于平衡。建议经济落后地区通过吸引迁出人口回迁和留住常住人口的政策措施,放大人口迁移的积极作用,逐步解决区域间发展不均衡问题。     

中国人口、人力资本变化趋势

利用多状态人口预测模型,以2000年人口普查为基础数据,在对数据进行评估和修订的基础上,综合相关研究成果对未来生育水平、死亡水平、人口迁移和教育转换等参数进行估计,预测了2000年到2030年人口规模的变化,对未来人口的年龄结构特别是老龄化和未来人口和劳动年龄人口的人力资本进行了预测,并分析了城市化和人口迁移对我国未来人口发展的影响.预测结果对我国编制人口规划、制定应对老龄化、提高人力资本和合理利用劳动力的有关政策具有重要意义.     

人口流动和迁移的理论分析模型及其评价

本文针对社会中的人口流动问题,简要讨论了人口流动和人口迁移涉及的主要因素及其研究状况;介绍了国外对社会中人口流动和人口迁移研究中的主要分析模型。作者同时对所介绍的各种研究模型作了初步的评价,并提出了国内对人口流动的研究的看法。     

中国城市流动人口：特征及其检验

根据北京、沈阳、无锡、东莞和石家庄等 5城市流动人口的调查问卷 ,描述了中国城市流动人口的主要特征 ,并对有关结论进行了计量检验。实证结果表明 :在迁移距离上 ,我国远距离流动的人口远远多于近距离流动人口 ;在性别结构上 ,流动人口中男性的比例高于女性 ;在迁移动因上 ,2 0世纪 80年代初的流动人口中很大比例是婚姻迁入或随迁家属 ,到了 90年代以后 ,流动人口的很大比例是出于务工经商的原因 ;在教育回报上 ,流动人口的受教育年限每增加一年 ,小时工资就增加大约八个百分点 ;在工作经验回报上 ,流动人口的工作经验每增加一年 ,小时工资就增加大约五个百分点。     

A Gender‐Aware Study of Self‐Leadership Strategies among High‐Growth Entrepreneurs

We apply a gender‐aware framework to examine the self‐leadership strategies men and women early stage high‐growth entrepreneurs employ as they develop innovations. Utilizing a matched‐pair sample of early stage entrepreneurs operating firms in high‐technology business incubators, our results suggest that female and male entrepreneurs have significantly different self‐goal‐setting and self‐cueing behaviors. Results also suggest male entrepreneurs who use stronger goal‐setting behaviors increase their intellectual property development to a greater extent than female founders. Further, for female entrepreneurs who use greater self‐cueing, the negative relationship realized with intellectual property development is lower than for male entrepreneurs.     

“I’ll wait for him”: Understanding when female shoppers prefer working with gay male sales associates

This article explores an under-researched area in retailing; namely, straight female shoppers’ preferences for working with gay male sales associates. Study 1 employs qualitative methodology to show that female shoppers often prefer working with gay male sales associates when they are older or heavier than female sales associates. Study 2 employs experimental methodology to show that female shoppers desire to work with gay male associates more than their straight male counterparts when they are purchasing merchandise requiring non-sexual intimacy, such as apparel and cosmetics. The results should help retailers understand why many female shoppers willingly, and comfortably, work with gay male sales associates and the role of gay associates in various retail departments.     

生命表更新对我国寿险产品保费影响的定量分析

从2006年起,我国寿险产品定价使用新的生命表,这将影响寿险产品保费计算的关键因素——死亡率。本文运用寿险精算理论,从定量角度分析了生命表更新对定期寿险、生存年金和两全保险等基本寿险产品保费的影响。研究结果表明,生命表更新后,定期寿险和两全保险的保费降低了,男性保费的变化幅度小于女性,而对于生存年金,结果恰好相反;保费的变化程度还取决于投保年龄、保险期限、利率和性别等因素。     

The effects of the researcher's physical attractiveness and gender on mail survey response

This study examines how using a photo in the cover letter of a mail survey affects mail survey response. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used that manipulated the physical attractiveness and gender of the supposed researcher that was depicted in the cover letter photo. In addition, a control group was used that received a cover letter without a photo. The results revealed the following: (1) a photo of the survey researcher does not enhance the response rate to the survey; (2) in the case of an attractive male researcher, a photo may dampen the response rate; and (3) within the factorial design, the only variable to have an effect on the survey's response rate was the gender variable: Photos depicting female researchers produced a higher response rate than photos depicting male researchers. This study also illustrated that a crude pretest of the survey procedures with students can, in some areas, produce fairly accurate predictions of the results of a field experiment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A Gender Analysis of Bank Loan Negotiations in Uganda

This paper highlights the differences between men and women in bank loan negotiations. It presents findings of an ex post facto design study that involved administering questionnaires to 289 respondents who had ever applied for a loan from a Ugandan commercial bank from 1999 through 2005. Results showed that male and female respondents differed in their negotiation behavior and outcomes. Female respondents scored higher than male respondents on self-enhancement and yielding. Male respondents scored higher than female respondents on inaction. Results further showed that female respondents receive lower payoff than male respondents from bank loan negotiations, and that both male and female respondents encounter problems in mixed gender negotiations.     

The Media Impact of Board Member Appointments in Spanish-Listed Companies: A Gender Perspective

Recent corporate governance literature on gender diversity within boards has linked the effect of an increase in gender diversity to the firm’s corporate reputation. This paper analyzes the media impact of appointing new directors of Spanish companies at a particularly significant moment, during the period from 2007 to 2010, just a year before and 3 years after the Gender Equality Act was passed. By analyzing female and male board nominations in Spanish IBEX-35 companies, the paper examines whether appointing a female does have greater visibility than appointing a male, and thus a potential signaling effect for corporate stakeholders and an effect on the firm’s reputation. Results indicate that the effect on press visibility of appointing a female versus a male is negligible, although there is significant media visibility for new executive directors, in particular for the case of the only woman nominated as an executive director during the period. The paper contributes to the existing literature on gender diversity in corporate governance, specifically its effect on corporate reputation. The paper also offers information relevant to policy making and in particular to the current debate over quotas for women on boards.     

Exploring the Career/Achievement and Personal Life Orientation Differences between Entrepreneurs and Nonentrepreneurs: The Impact of Sex and Dependents

This study explores the career/achievement and personal life orientations of entrepreneurs, specifically the impact of sex and dependent-child status. Although a growing body of research has explored the similarities and uniqueness of women, none have explicitly analyzed entrepreneurs employing a career/achievement and personal life framework. In addition, no studies have sought to explore the career/achievement and personal life orientations of female entrepreneurs with female nonentrepreneurs of similar backgrounds. Consequently, this research explores and compares the career/achievement and personal life orientations of female entrepreneurs with a group of female nonentrepreneurs with similar educational levels, ages, and work experience. It also compares the orientations of male entrepreneurs with a group of male nonentrepreneurs in order to both confirm existing literature and create a means to compare intra-female with intra-male career and personal life orientations. The analysis shows no statistically significant differences in the career/achievement and personal life orientations of women entrepreneurs and similar female nonentrepreneurs. It also finds, confirming existing literature, that male entrepreneurs possess a greater career/achievement orientation as compared with male nonentrepreneurs.     

Women in the Boardroom: How Do Female Directors of Corporate Boards Perceive Boardroom Dynamics?

This study investigated how female directors of corporate boards of directors (BoD) experience boardroom dynamics. The study represents an initial research trend that moves from a unilateral focus on financial outcomes of female representation in BoDs toward stronger attention on the social dynamics in the boardroom. Drawing on social identity theory, the study proposed that female directors often constitute an out-group within the BoD, preventing them from experiencing positive board dynamics. More specifically, the study explored the extent to which female directors do experience less justice, lower cohesion, and higher levels of conflicts within the BoD than their male counterparts do. Moreover, we assumed that female directors with nontraditional educational backgrounds would be particularly likely to experience negative boardroom dynamics whereas female chairpersons of BoDs would perceive boardroom dynamics more positively than other female directors. The sample consisted of 491 directors from 149 BoDs. Our findings revealed that there were generally few differences in the way female and male directors experienced boardroom dynamics and female chairpersons of BoDs did not perceive the dynamics differently than other female directors. Female directors with nontraditional educational backgrounds perceived the boardroom dynamics somewhat more negatively than other female directors, but the differences were not statistically significant. The conclusions from this study are that there are reasons to believe that female directors are welcomed into boardrooms, not perceived as out-groups, and BoDs are able to benefit from the female directors’ experience and skills.