论住房的刚性需求

住房刚性需求是需求收入弹性较大而价格弹性较小的具有一定购买力的消费性需求。在刚性需求内部具有不同级别的\"刚性\",刚性渐减的顺序是货币化的拆迁性需求、婚房需求、改善型需求。对于不同性质的城市,其住房刚性需求是不同的,政治性城市住房刚性需求比较大,开放性城市刚性需求变化较大;在现阶段,由于房价财富幻觉导致了刚性需求加速效应和叠加效应。制度变迁、房价和收入都是影响住房刚性需求的重要因素。     

利润最大化条件下的商品定价

传统的商品定价理论包括两种类型，一种是基于企业的成本的加成定价法，一种是基于需求方的需求导向定价法。二者都有其合理和不足之处，如何将二者结合起来，是本文研究的出发点。本文提出的利润最大化条件下的商品定价模型就是二者原理的结合。     

中国"超额货币"成因的进一步检验

中国的超额货币一直是理论界颇有争议的话题,因而关于超额货币成因的理论假说有很多种。基于对以往的理论假说进行总结与质疑的基础上,利用货币需求的收入弹性与价格弹性对交易方程式进行调整,并利用中国1991-2003年的数据对调整后的模型进行检验,结果发现:货币需求的收入弹性与价格弹性的变化是导致中国超额货币存在的主要原因。     

需求价格弹性、销售收益和企业利润的关系研究：基于成本策略视角

将成本策略引入到需求价格弹性与利润的对应关系模型中,找到了企业在以保利润为目标时,临界需求价格弹性计算方法,开创性地分析出在降低变动成本策略下企业如何进行价格调整以及如何确定调整幅度,给出具有操作性的推论,对企业具有实际参考价值。     

我国城市工业地价影响因素及力度的计量分析

地价是经济学中的重要课题,它是都市的语言,是都市的环境与功能的综合值。用计量经济学的方法,分供求二方取人口、经济、区位、政府行为等四大板块中的基本要素对我国工业地价的相关性与影响力度进行探讨。从相关性看：城市设施因素与工业地价相关性较弱;大区位因素与工业地价相关性较强。房产税额、耕地占用税额、本年购置的土地面积等政府行为因素与工业地价相关性较强;余者与工业地价相关性较弱。从影响力度看：工业地价对经济、政府行为、区位因素的弹性系数总体呈现一种矛盾、混乱的特征,佐证了中国工业地价违背客观规律性的现象。剔除其混乱因素,仍可看出大区位因素对工业地价影响的力度要大于经济因素,土地类税额对工业地价影响的力度微乎其微;反映了地方政府在工业化过程中对土地的掠夺性开发利用。     

中国大中城市房地产需求弹性地区差异的实证分析

房地产需求价格弹性和收入弹性是反映房地产市场需求特征的两个主要指标.国外在这方面的研究比较充分,而我国学术界对房地产需求弹性的测算和解释仍缺乏系统研究.本文通过对我国35个大中城市房地产需求弹性的实证研究,结果发现我国房地产需求弹性的特征是:(1)房地产需求价格弹性总体上缺乏弹性,而收入弹性是富有弹性.(2)房地产需求弹性具有显著的地区差异性.因此,我国的房地产业政策,必须根据房地产市场的地区差异性而进行调整,在增加房地产有效供给而满足人们房地产消费需求的同时,打击房地产投机需求,适当抑制房地产投资需求.     

需求价格弹性分析

在大多数情况下,产品定价时需求价格弹性的计算多使用点弹性公式,这在营销学中是有缺陷的。本文对其进行了 分析,并提出应使用弧弹性公式指导产品定价。     

中国城镇居民用电需求估算及阶梯电价方案设计

估计了不同收入水平的中国城镇居民家庭用电需求的价格弹性和收入弹性,分析了现行的阶梯电价政策对不同收入组城镇居民家庭生活用电量和福利的影响。研究结果表明:中国城镇居民家庭用电需求的价格弹性在-0.239~-0.660之间,收入弹性在0.343~0.577之间;2007—2011年,收入水平为0~10%的城镇居民家庭的月均生活用电量在50千瓦时以下,收入水平为10%~100%的城镇居民家庭的月均生活用电量在189~240千瓦时之间。指出中国现行的阶梯电价方案还有很大的改进空间。根据中国城镇居民家庭的用电特性和价格弹性,提出新的阶梯电价方案。该方案既可提高低收入城镇居民家庭的福利,又可减少高收入城镇居民家庭的超额用电需求,并降低城镇居民家庭的人均生活用电量。     

城市水价上涨对居民用水的影响分析——以银川市为例

城市水价上涨对居民用水的影响主要体现在居民用水量和水价承受力两方面.文章通过对银川市1981～2006年的城市居民人均可支配收入、用水量、水价的综合分析和模拟,得出银川市城市居民用水的收入弹性和价格弹性指数,量化研究了水价和收入变化对居民用水量的影响,并依据收入将居民划分为不同阶层,分别研究其对水价的承受能力.计算结果表明水价的小幅提高不能抑制人均用水量的增加;虽然银川城市水价在整体还有上涨空间,但水价上涨已经对低收入群体产生了不小的压力.因此政府不能仅仅依赖上调水价来减少居民用水量,而更应注重水价结构的调整,同时改革过程中应做好社会保障工作.兼顾社会公平. 承受力两方面.文章通过对银川市1981～2006年的城市居民人均可支配收入、用水量、水价的综合分析和模拟,得出银川市城市居民用水的收入弹性和价格弹性指数,量化研究了水价和收入变化对居民用水量的影响,并依据收入将居民划分为不同阶层,分别研究其对水价的承受能力.计算结果表明水价的小幅提高不能抑制人均用水量的增加;虽然银川城市水价在整体还有上涨空问,但水价上涨已经对低收入群体产生了不小的压力.因此政府不能仅仅依赖上调水价来减少居民用水量,而更应注重水价结构的调 ,同时改革过程中应做好社会保障工作.兼顾社会公平. 承受力两     

Are price strategies effective in managing demand of high residential water users?

Encouraging water use efficiency and water conservation is one of the primary goals of water utility companies nationwide. This study estimates price elasticity of residential water demand to measure the responsiveness of water use to price changes, particularly for high water users. Household-level water use data for high residential water users from Central Florida were analysed using 3-stage least square (3SLS). Estimated price elasticity ranges between ?0.07 and ?0.14. This price elasticity estimate is below most of the estimates reported in the literature (in absolute value). The results imply that for price strategies to be effective in managing water demand of high residential water users, a significant price increase would be needed. Overall, this study highlights the importance of designing water conservation policies tailored to specific groups of customers, and the importance of using these strategies effectively and fairly for different customer groups.     

Business Demand for Broadband Access Capacity

Using data garnered from a quarterly survey of U.S. business establishments from 2Q2000 through 1Q2001, the study estimates an aggregate model of business demand for broadband access capacity. The primary goal is to estimate price elasticities for the demand for access capacity conditional on a business establishment having made the decision to adopt some form of broadband access. The primary findings are (1) on average, the demand for broadband access capacity is price inelastic; (2) the sensitivity to price differs substantially across establishments of different sizes with small establishments exhibiting the greatest sensitivity to price; and (3) the estimated elasticities have important implications for public policies designed to extend broadband networks to unserved areas.     

The elasticity of demand for wagering in an unregulated market

The literature estimating the take-out rate (price) elasticity of horse race wagering has consistently found values far above one. The persistence of these apparently inefficiently high prices can be attributed to institutional factors of the US market where federal taxes are imposed on the total amount wagered, and not on the bookmakers’ revenue. By investigating all horse races in New Zealand from August 1993 to April 2009, our article is the first one to consider price setting for wagering in an unregulated market where taxes for a monopolistic betting agency are based on revenues. In such a setting, one would expect elasticities close to one, but in all econometric specifications, we find values well below one. We identify two reasons why higher prices could nevertheless reduce profits: cross price elasticities are negative and, due to the specific features of parimutuel betting, international competitors may only be attracted when take-out rates are above a critical threshold.     

节粮型畜牧业发展一定有益于粮食安全吗?——基于省域面板数据的实证分析

当前,主要基于对粮食安全的考虑提出节粮型畜牧业发展模式,但是该政策是否奏效呢?节粮型畜牧业发展在节约粮食的同时也可能带来粮食产量的大幅下降,结果反而危及粮食安全。因此,只有在畜牧业发展方式转变过程中保证粮食产量不下降或基本稳定才能使节粮型畜牧业发展对粮食安全产生积极影响。通过选取耗粮型畜产品产量比重、畜产品需求价格弹性以及其他可能影响粮食安全水平的指标,对该问题进行理论与实证研究。结果表明,畜产品需求弹性与粮食安全水平负相关,而耗粮型畜产品产量比重提高有利于粮食安全;另外,城镇化水平、农业技术水平、农作物播种面积以及农业基础设施状况等控制变量均通过检验且显著为正。     

Pooling surveys in the estimation of income and price elasticities: An application to Tunisian households

This paper presents a methodological extension of Deaton's (1990) model for estimating price elasticities, by pooling Tunisian data from several surveys to improve the inter-cluster variability of unit values which is one of the key elements used in the derivation of these elasticities. Since the surveys cover a relatively long period, possible structural changes in consumption behaviour occurring over time are accounted for by postulating that certain response coefficients of the basic model vary from one survey to the other. The own price and cross price elasticities calculated using appropriate estimates of the extended model are satisfactory both from the economic point of view of their sign and the statistical point of view of their significance and superior to those obtained using a single survey. First version received: April 2000/Final version received: June 2001 RID="*" ID="*"  The authors would like to thank Angus Deaton and anonymous referees for useful comments and suggestions.