Patentability and Knowledge Spillovers of Basic R&D

This study develops a research and development (R&D)–based growth model with basic and applied research to analyze the growth and welfare effects of two patent instruments: (i) the patentability of basic R&D and (ii) the division of profit between basic and applied researchers. We find that for the purpose of stimulating basic R&D and economic growth simultaneously, increasing the share of profit assigned to basic researchers is more effective than raising the patentability of basic R&D, which has either a negative effect or an inverted‐U effect on technological progress. However, a benevolent patent authority requires both patent instruments to achieve the socially optimal allocation in the decentralized economy.     

中关村产业技术联盟研发新模式研究

研发联盟是提升国家竞争力的主要政策工具。通过问卷调查、实地座谈和统计分析研究中关村产业技术联盟在研发合作中的新模式。研究发现,中关村产业技术联盟已经形成了包含研发中心、工程中心、研发基金的多种研发合作新模式。研发联盟是中关村产业技术联盟的主要形式,大部分联盟从事前沿技术研发,联盟内部知识共享程度较高,技术标准和知识产权是主要核心/关键技术突破形式,高等院校、科研机构、国内行业龙头企业/骨干企业是研发联盟的主力军。建议相关部门采用集中化的资助制度,围绕中关村每一个战略性新兴产业集群重点打造1-2个研发联盟。     

DEVELOPING EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF INNOVATIONS: MICROECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN

This paper aims to identify the effects of innovation on employment and labor composition in Taiwan. Using a new and detailed firm‐level data set, the empirical results determine that innovations, measured by R&D investments or patent counts, have a positive impact on employment. Both of the estimated employment effects of product and process innovations are overall significantly positive. Although the effects of process innovations differ between high and low R&D‐intensive industries, the process innovation tends to expand the firms’ output and then increase employment for high R&D‐intensive industries. However, it frequently results in laborsavings in terms of production work and reduces jobs in low R&D‐intensive industries. Moreover, technological innovations are found to be non‐neutral, leading to a shift in labor composition in favor of skilled and more educated workers.     

Openness and total factor productivity in Swedish manufacturing, 1980–1995

Openness and Total Factor Productivity in Swedish Manufacturing, 1980–1995. — This paper studies the effect of openness on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Using industry-level data for Swedish manufacturing from 1980 to 1995, the paper shows that integrated industries tend to be more engaged in R&D and have more entry and exit activity than other industries. The results show that domestic R&D intensity does not contribute to the TFP growth rate. Instead, openness to international markets, which helps facilitate technology spillovers, is an important factor. There is also some evidence that producers exiting the market are less productive, implying that such exits will increase the average productivity of the industry.     

安徽省R&D投入与GDP增长关系实证分析

目前,运用R＆D指标体系分析国家或地区的科技竞争力以及经济发展潜力,进而将分析结果作为制定科技和经济发展战略的重要参考依据,已经被越来越多的国家或地区所广泛采用。随着市场经济竞争的不断加剧,经济增长对科研活动领域的创新发展要求越来越高,研发投入也越来越大。基于安徽省第二次R＆D资源清查公报,结合安徽全省及各地区2000--2010年间R＆D投入与GDP的相关统计数据,首先采用协整回归分析方法对安徽全省R＆D经费支出与GDP间的关联性进行实证分析,得出研发投入对经济增长具有显著的促进作用的结论,然后在此基础上以定量描述的方式对安徽省各地区的R＆D投入水平与GDP增长率进行聚类分析。最后根据聚类分析结果及各地区的发展现状给出相关结论。     

技术研发及应用对高技术产业绩效的影响及差异

基于创新背景下高技术产业的发展现状和存在的问题,根据1995—2016年的数据,借助eviews软件研究技术创新对高技术产业绩效的影响。得出的主要结论为:研发过程中,R&D人员投入和经费支出对专利产出具有正向影响;成果转化过程中,专利产出和购买国内技术经费支出会促进研发成果市场化,但技术改造支出却产生抑制作用;R&D资金投入和购买国内技术经费支出对创新总绩效有促进,但技术改造支出对高技术产业的利润增长产生负面影响。     

Patents,R&D subsidies,and endogenous market structure in a schumpeterian economy

This study explores the different implications of patent breadth and R&D subsidies on economic growth and endogenous market structure in a Schumpeterian growth model. We find that when the number of firms is fixed in the short run, patent breadth and R&D subsidies serve to increase economic growth as in previous studies. However, when market structure adjusts endogenously in the long run, R&D subsidies increase economic growth but decrease the number of firms, whereas patent breadth expands the number of firms but reduces economic growth. Therefore, in accordance with empirical evidence, R&D subsidy is perhaps a more suitable policy instrument than patent breadth for the purpose of stimulating long‐run economic growth.     

The Impact of Research and Development on Economic Growth and Productivity in the U.S. States

Research and development (R&D) has a large effect on both state output and total factor productivity in the long run. Our estimates for the private sector of the U.S. states from 1963 to 2007 show that the R&D elasticity averages 0.056–0.143. The implied returns to state Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from R&D spending are 82–211%. There are also positive R&D spillovers, with 70–80% of the total returns accruing to other states. We also find that states with more human capital have higher own‐ and other‐R&D elasticities, and those in lowest tier of economic development have the least own‐state R&D elasticity but the highest other‐R&D elasticity. In addition, we find that the positive effect of R&D spillovers across states is larger when we consider R&D spillovers across states based on economic similarity of R&D across sectors.     

The Stagnant Export Upgrading in Northeast China: Evidence from Value‐added Tax Reform

China's 2004 value‐added tax (VAT) pilot reform in the Northeast region, which changed the VAT from production type to consumption type, introduced a sizable tax credit for fixed investment in manufacturing industries, leading to more investment and higher productivity at firm level. This paper, however, uses difference‐in‐difference estimation and finds a negative structural effect; that is, the VAT pilot reform leads to a reduction in the export sophistication of Northeast cities relative to other cities in China, and the results hold for a battery of robustness checks. It is found that resources are reallocated towards less‐sophisticated industries. As the products with higher export sophistication are more skill and research and development (R&D) intensive, the shortfalls of skilled labor and R&D spending hinder the upgrading process. With a new round of revitalization plans in the Northeast, policymakers should be cautious with similar structural effects and focus on increasing skilled labor supply and R&D investment.     

政府R&D支出对企业R&D支出的影响——基于省际数据的实证分析

技术进步是经济长期增长的源泉,而研究与发展活动是整个科技活动的核心。政府从事R&D活动有可能对企业的研发行为产生两种不同的影响:替代效应和互补效应。基于中国31个省份面板数据的实证研究发现,整体上而言,目前政府R&D支出与企业R&D支出存在互补关系,政府R&D支出能够诱导企业R&D支出。但这种诱导效应随着政府R&D投入强度的提高而递减,这表明随着政府R&D投入强度的提高,挤出效应越来越明显。     

The Dynamics of Knowledge Diversity and Economic Growth

How is long run economic growth related to the endogenous diversity of knowledge? We formulate and study a microeconomic model of knowledge creation, through the interactions among a group of heterogeneous research and development (R&D) workers, embedded in a growth model to address this question. The composition of the research work force in terms of knowledge heterogeneity, in addition to its size, matters in determining the production of new knowledge. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the work force is endogenous. Income to these workers accrues as patent income, whereas transmission of newly created knowledge to all such workers occurs due to public transmission of patent information. Whether or not the system reaches the most productive state depends on the strength of the public knowledge transmission technology. Long run economic growth is positively related to both the effectiveness of pairwise R&D worker interaction and to the effectiveness of public knowledge transmission.     

海南自贸港12个重点产业的科技支撑能力提升策略

12个重点产业对海南省经济社会发展具有重要意义,但普遍存在科技能力不足的问题.研究发现:海南高新技术产业发展相对滞后,相较于2013年,2018年规模以上工业企业的研发人员投入和专利产出均较大幅度减少;企业的研发主体地位不突出,企业在全社会研发经费中的占比低;全省科技投入强度弱,技术市场发展相对滞后,省内企业对技术的需求有待挖掘.借鉴农业机械和医药制造的科技支撑产业发展经验,提出强化政府引导、保障技术供给、挖掘技术需求方面的建议,着力提高科技对12个重点产业的支撑引领能力.     

我国技术创新对经济增长的影响因素研究

技术创新对于经济增长有巨大的推动作用,而R＆D和专利数则是反映技术创新的两个主要指标。本文利用中国1990-2011年的数据构造上述三指标的VAR模型,通过格兰杰因果关系检验,利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解来研究技术创新对经济增长的影响,得出R＆D投入对于专利正向影响进而由专利对经济的促进作用,同时也发现R＆D对于专利和经济促进效率不高,并针对结论给出一些政策建议。     

Process and product innovation: A differential game approach to product life cycle

We investigate the timing of adoption of product and process innovation using a differential game where firms may invest in both activities. We consider horizontal product innovation that reduces product substitutability, and process innovation that reduces marginal cost. First, we demonstrate that the incentive for cost‐reducing investment is relatively higher than the incentive to increase product differentiation. Second, depending on initial conditions: (i) firms activate both types of investment from the very outset to the steady state; (ii) firms initially invest in only one R&D activity and then reach the steady state either carrying out only this activity or carrying out both; or (iii) firms do not invest at all in either type of innovation. Comparing R&D investments under Cournot and Bertrand behavior shows that quantity competition entails lower R&D incentives than price competition in both directions.     

Technological factors and total factor productivity in China: Evidence based on a panel threshold model

This study investigates the effects of technological factors, including indigenous research and development (R&D) investments, technology spillovers coming from foreign direct investments, export, and import, on China's total factor productivity (TFP). Using provincial panel data of China, covering 30 provinces over the period 2000–2014, our results confirm that indigenous R&D investments play a leading role in promoting TFP. Linear analysis suggests that, except for export, the technology spillovers through openness are beneficial for TFP growth. However, a further discussion based on a panel threshold model suggests that the different behaviours of these technology spillovers are dependent on the technological absorptive capacity affecting factors, such as human capital and indigenous R&D investments. The human capital will strengthen the spillover effects of each technology spillover. However, R&D intensity initially tends to hamper their spillover effects. Once the R&D intensity exceeds a certain level, the negative spillover effect of export on TFP tends to be alleviated, and the positive spillover effect of foreign direct investment and import on TFP will increase.     

国防重大前沿技术遴选预测方法构建与验证

国防重大前沿技术对于国防科技创新发展和武器装备更新换代具有极为重要的意义.主要军事强国都高度重视国防前沿技术遴选预测研究,制定并发布了大量的战略性规划文件与智库研究报告,开展国防重大前沿技术超前布局和谋划.该文通过系统梳理国外战略文件、智库报告等成果,总结国外国防重大前沿技术预测方法,提出了国防重大前沿技术指标评价体系,有效识别遴选出国防重大前沿技术,为政府与军队相关部门宏观把握国防前沿技术发展方向、开展国防科技战略决策、指导装备体系构建等提供了参考和借鉴.     

R&D Subsidies and Foreign Direct Investment

We devise a model in which domestic firms do applied R&D, which can be subsidized by the government, and foreign firms with superior technology can enter in the domestic market. Foreign Direct Investment can act as a substitute of subsidies to improve domestic R&D, the share of domestic leading firms and consumption. Relatively closed economies may benefit from R&D subsidization while relatively open economies may not. For relatively low growth of the technological frontier, it is optimal to subsidize R&D and close the economy to foreign investment but the opposite happens for relatively high growth. Numerical simulations show the economy dynamics after policy experiments.     

ICT,offshoring, and the demand for part-time workers: The case of Japanese manufacturing

This paper examines the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) and offshoring on the skill demand in Japanese manufacturing. One of the contributions of this paper is that we focus explicitly on the demand for low-wage part-time workers, which we call low skilled workers. Estimating a system of variable factor demands for the period 1980–2011, we find that industries with higher ICT stock shifted demand from middle-low to middle-high and low skilled workers. Offshoring is associated with the increasing demand for high skilled workers but it has insignificant effects on the demand for middle-high, middle-low, and low skilled workers. The results together suggest that the increasing demand for low-wage part-time workers can be attributable to ICT in Japan.     

In search of FDI-transmitted R&D spillovers: A study based on Swedish data

In Search of FDI-Transmitted R& D Spillovers: A Study Based on Swedish Data. — This paper analyzes empirically whether inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) work as channels for international R&D spillovers. The authors utilize firm-level and industry-level data for Swedish manufacturing. Hardly any evidence of FDI-related R&D spillovers is found. But while the results do not provide support for the hypothesis that the activity level of MNEs’ affiliates matters for the extent of FDI-transmitted international spillovers, they suggest that utilizing foreign affiliates’ employment as a weighting scheme may be too crude a measure. The authors’ analysis shows indeed that the type of activity — R&D or assembly — carried out in the affiliates matters significantly for technology sourcing.     

Robotics technology and firm-level employment adjustment in Japan

Unlike studies that analyze the impact of robotics technology on overall employment at the industry or firm level, this study investigated cross-division employment adjustment within a firm in an industry with greater diffusion and penetration of robotics technology. By examining changes in the composition of employment, we measured job creation and destruction at the division level and explored whether robotics technology, as a leading example of automation, not only displaces workers but also introduces new jobs in favor of labor. We made use of unique, division-level employment data for Japan’s manufacturing firms, together with industry-level data on the installation of industrial robots. We found that industry-level adoption of robots positively affects the firm-level job creation rate and the job destruction rate. Because the magnitude of the impact is larger for job destruction, robot adoption has an overall negative impact on firms’ net employment growth. Our findings suggest that the labor displacement effect of robotics technology and the emergence of new jobs due to technological change coexist even at the firm level.