收入差距、劳动力流动与粮食生产

由收入差距引起的农村劳动力向城市和非农业转移在一定程度上对粮食生产产生负面影响。根据1990-2010年间省级面板数据估计结果,以2004年为分界点,2004年之前的收入差距对粮食增长具有显著的负面作用。根据经济发展程度和粮食安全状况将全国各省分为四类区域,欠发达地区粮食增产与地区经济差距的关系最明显。应重视缩小区域差距,加大对欠发达地区的投资,在当地创造就业机会,吸引农村劳动力回流,以促进当地农业生产。     

生物燃料乙醇发展与中国粮食安全的灰色关联分析

中国生物燃料乙醇发展一直因粮食安全而存在巨大争议。文章基于生物燃料与粮食安全关系的理论分析,运用中国粮食安全的评价结果和灰色关联分析的方法,分析生物燃料乙醇的发展对中国粮食安全的影响。实证分析结果表明,近期中国生物燃料乙醇发展对粮食安全有积极的影响,有利于粮食安全保障水平的提高,但从远期的耕地压力来看依然存在粮食安全的风险。     

哈萨克斯坦粮食生产的现状与趋势

自哈萨克斯坦共和国独立以来,械化水平和建立完善的农业产业等措施,萨克斯坦的农业改革取得了显著的成就,出口数量等方面。哈萨克斯坦采取改善农田水利设施;提高农业机扩大了哈萨克斯坦粮食生产和提高产品质量,哈尤其反映在粮食播种的面积,粮食产量和粮食的     

Forests, biomass use and poverty in Malawi

Malawi is one of the poorest countries in Africa and has faced significant deforestation over the years. This paper seeks to examine the nature of the relationship between poverty and forests in Malawi. We try to answer three sets of questions: a) what is the extent of biomass available for meeting the energy needs of the poor in Malawi and how is this distributed? b) To what extent does fuelwood scarcity affect the welfare of the poor? And c) do households spend more time in fuelwood collection in response to scarcity? We answer these questions by matching household surveys with remote-sensing data.Our analyses suggest that biomass scarcity is associated with small but significantly lower household welfare, particularly for the rural poor. At current high levels of scarcity, 80% of rural poor households are likely to benefit from an increase in biomass in the community. Rural women spend more time on fuelwood collection where biomass is scarce. The small decrease in welfare associated with biomass scarcity suggests that households cope with scarcity in a variety of ways. Any effort to reduce degradation and deforestation in Malawi has to build on a clear understanding of household adaptation to fuelwood scarcity.     

发展燃料乙醇对我国玉米生产和贸易的影响

运用数理分析方法对乙醇发展对我国玉米生产和贸易的影响进行分析.研究结果表明,燃料乙醇发展可能会促进农业生产,并不会危及粮食安全.可以通过限制价格这个措施就能动态掌握好燃料乙醇发展规模,从而使其发展不危及国家粮食安全;燃料乙醇的发展可能会刺激玉米需求量的增长、玉米价格的上升,从而导致国际贸易的下滑,进一步有可能会影响到中国失去可靠的玉米供给市场,加剧供求紧张的趋势,但近期内不会影响到我国玉米供给未来重点发展非粮乙醇.     

从食物安全体系到食品安全体系的调整——我国食物生产体系面临战略性转变

我国传统的食物安全战略已面临严峻的挑战。我国应该根据消费者的需求和国际食物发展的趋势，对传统的食物生产体系进行根本性的战略调整，重塑我国食物安全生产体系，完成从食物安全到食品安全的战略性转变。本文分析了我国食物战略调整的必要性与可能性，调整中将会遇到的困难与问题，最后给出调整的目标与具体对策。     

食品安全监管再出重拳死刑或终结地沟油生产

2013年5月3日,最高人民法院召开新闻发布会,通报《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理危害食品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(以下简称《解释》)有关情况.根据新颁布的《解释》,利用地沟油加工食用油等,将适用刑法规定的在"生产、销售的食品中掺入有毒、有害的非食品原料"进行定罪,最高可判处死刑.     

中国粮食生产要素成本效应及其测度

投入要素影响粮食生产利润水平除了价格外,还包括凝结在要素上、反映技术水平的成本效应。从1994～2003年的样本看,中国13个主产区粮食主要生产要素投入呈恶化趋势,投入要素呈现成本负效应,资本、劳动力分别为11．01和0．051,由此引发的成本增加分别达到210．2元／亩和1．54元／亩,超过同期粮食生产平均利润水平（154．7元／亩）。因此,保障粮食安全应从田间进一步走向市场,在土地之外寻求发展支撑。降低粮食生产机会成本,适度推进规模经营,使劳动力资源得到合理利用;同时,以存贷差占比为主要指标强化农村金融机构的属地贷款责任,并通过粮价保护、扶持农用工业的发展优化粮食生产要素投入产出价格此,提高要素的配置水平。     

Labour Migration,Food Expenditure,and Household Food Security in Eastern Indonesia

This paper investigates the impact of migration on the food expenditure and household food security status of migrant‐sending households using data from eastern Indonesia. We find that migration significantly increases food expenditure and overall household expenditure. Combining the food frequency and food consumption module of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (East), this paper shows that having at least one migrant in the family increases the composite index of Food Consumption Score, as well as the family's food security. Evaluation of food diversity also shows that migration increases expenditure on six out of ten food groups.     

农户有机食品生产中的道德风险分析

通过对有机食品生产农户的调查发现,有机食品生产农户道德风险发生的比例高达9.03%。计量分析表明,农户有机食品生产中道德风险的发生受到生产面积大小、农户是否参加农产品质量安全培训、是否与农业产业化组织签订农产品购销合同、是否接受过农业生产技术指导、政府监督管理的严格程度以及农户对有机食品了解程度等因素的显著影响。     

Land,Gender, and Food Security

Since 2008, a surge in large-scale land acquisitions, or land grabs, has been taking place in low- and middle-income countries around the globe. This contribution examines the gendered effects of and responses to these deals, drawing on nine studies, which include conceptual framing essays that bring in debates about human rights, studies that draw on previous waves of land acquisitions globally, and case studies that examine the gendered dimensions of land dispossession and loss of common property. Three key insights emerge: the evolving gender and land tenure literature provides valuable information for understanding the likely effects of land deals; some of the land deal issues transcend gender-equity concerns and relate to broader problems of dispossession and loss of livelihoods; and huge gaps remain in our knowledge of gender and land rights that require urgent attention and systematic integration of gender analysis into mainstream research.     

Joint Production,Externalities, and the Regulation of Production Networks

Real production systems are often vertically integrated in thesense that one production process uses the unwanted joint product of another production process as input.This interrelationship links in a non-obvious way the different negative externalities stemming from theproduction processes. An empirical example is the sulphuric acid industry. Our model of a vertically integratedproduction system shows how internalising one currently existing externality may create another externalitywhich has thus far not been existent. We also discuss how environmental policy could deal with this problemwhen regulating integrated production systems.     

城市化发展与粮食产量增长的动态分析:1949-2004

本文通过协整检验、误差修正模型估计、脉冲响应函数及方差分解技术分析了城市化发展同粮食生产之间的关系.实证结果表明,长期内,城市化的发展对粮食产量增长有促进作用,而且粮食产量增长也将保证城市化发展的顺利进行,但在短期内,两者之间不可避免地存在着一系列的冲突与矛盾.为此,政府制定城市化发展政策时应避免其片面性,以缓和两者之间的矛盾,为达到长期内两者共赢的目标打下坚实的基础.     

有机食品与绿色食品的启示

国内目前对于绿色食品与有机食品这两个概念存在诸多混淆不清之处,本文通过比较分析两个概念的不同之处,指出其产生的背景,由此产生了几点启示：树立不同的发展战略;实施不同的定价手段;提高居民食品消费的环境意识;积极发展有机食品出口;规范食品安全控制体系等。     

我国粮食产销利益协调机制的构建

我国粮食产销利益失衡问题严重影响了粮食生产区和粮食生产者的生产积极性,从而使得长期粮食安全供给保障问题难以得到根本解决。因此构建一个全新的粮食产销利益协调机制,提高粮食主产区和生产者的生产积极性具有重要意义。新的利益协调机制必须以市场为导向,以政府调控为主体,具体内容包括粮食生产者和消费者利益协调机制、主产区政府和主销区政府之间利益协调机制以及中央政府对主产区政府和主销区政府利益调控。     

Food quality,calories and household income

We investigate the relationship between calories, food quality and household per capita expenditure using regression and semiparametric methods on a sample of poor households from rural Mexico, where Programa de Apoyo Alimentario (PAL), a targeted nutritional programme, is operating. The semiparametric method yields an estimate of the elasticity between calories and expenditure of 0.39 below the median and 0.28 above. The corresponding estimates of the elasticity of the calorie price are 0.48 below the median and 0.45 above. We also examine the extent to which the expenditure elasticity of the calorie price is explained by substitution between and within major food groups. We find that there is a very high incidence of substitution within cereals (especially for poor households) and that between group substitution explains at most 59% of the income elasticity for food quality. These estimates suggest that the potential of a cash transfer programme to have a positive impact on the food diversity and the nutritional status of households is quite limited.     

工业化、城市化与粮食安全

粮食安全事关国家长治久安,一国的粮食安全由粮食的生产能力、流通能力和消费能力三大因素构成。工业化、城市化是各国经济社会发展的必然趋势,也是各国强国富民的必由之路。但工业化、城市化需要相关行业支撑,是一个渐进的过程。不顾农业承受能力,牺牲农民利益的过度的工业化和城市化发展战略,是当今“三农”问题日趋严峻的政策性原因,也是中国粮食安全的直接诱因。其负面影响表现在:对耕地的大量占用,使粮食种植面积锐减,造成粮食总产下降;对高素质劳动力的大量吸引,使农业劳动力老龄化、女性化和弱质化,造成粮食单产不高;工业化、城市化使粮食消费能力增强,如生产供给没有相应提高,将后果严重。因此在推进工业化、城市化过程中,必须坚持科学发展、城乡统筹,高度重视粮食安全;尽量减少耕地流失,增加“工业反哺农业,城市支援农村”力度,提高粮食综合生产能力;控制人口增长,缓解粮食供求矛盾。     

森林与环境保护

森林在环境保护中的不可替代的作用与国家对林业政策支持之间尚有一定距离，需要国家采取扶持保护政策。     

Heterogeneity in Production Structures and Efficiency: An Analysis of the Czech Food Processing Industry

The present study analyses firm heterogeneity and sector‐specific technology. The theoretical model stands on the assumption of maximizing the return on capital and overcomes problems involved in simple profit maximization. The results show that a random parameter model with sector dummies and heteroscedasticity is the most appropriate model specification for distinguishing firm‐level and sector‐level efficiency and heterogeneity. The heterogeneity among firms as well as among sectors was found to be an important characteristic in Czech food processing. This holds for production technology as well as for technical efficiency. Moreover, the decomposition of total variance shows that intrasectoral differences in technologies are much more pronounced than the intersectoral differences. The differences in intrasector heterogeneity also suggest that the food processing industry will be subject to accelerated structural change in the coming years. Moreover, we found that on average the companies highly exploit their production possibilities. However, some companies cannot keep pace with competitors. Because leapfrogging does not appear to be present in selected industries (except for Milling), structural change is expected to occur in such a way that the most successful companies will strengthen their position.