人力资本存量、人力资本结构与FDI互动关系研究

人力资本和外商直接投资（FDI）都是一国经济增长的驱动因素,但两者并不独立,而是互为补充的,东道国人力资本及其结构影响到一国吸收FDI的能力,同时FDI能够增加东道国的人力资本存量,改善人力资本结构。本文在分析两者之间关系的基础上,针对我国目前的情况,提出要加大我国的教育投资,提高人力资本水平,改善教育不平等观点来积极吸引FDI。     

外商直接投资的人力资本效应分析

运用实证方法分别从积累效应、收益效应和制度效应3个层面进行了分析,认为应重视发挥FDI在推动我国人力资本型经济增长方式转型中的重要作用,把人力资本战略纳入FDI发展的核心目标之一,采取有效政策措施,进一步提高FDI对我国人力资本发展的贡献度。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Taxes

Abstract. This paper studies the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental policy stringency in a two-country model with trade costs, where FDI could be unilateral and bilateral and both governments address local pollution through environmental taxes. We show that FDI does not give rise to ecological dumping because the host country has an incentive to shift rents away from the source country toward the host country. Environmental policy strategies and welfare effects are studied under the assumption that parameter values support FDI to be profitable.     

Financial Development, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Efficiency of Capital Allocation in China

We study the roles of local financial development and foreign direct investment, and more importantly, their interaction with one another, in local capital allocation, based on Chinese industrial and regional data. Our main finding is that, although local financial development and FDI each individually tended to improve the efficiency of local capital allocation during the sample period, they tended to compete and crowd out each other’s effect, so that one impaired the individual function of the other. In particular, there exists a threshold value for local financial development, above which an increase in FDI reduces the efficiency of local capital allocation, rather than improve it. On the other hand, there exists a threshold value for FDI, above which further development in the local financial system lowers the efficiency of local capital allocation, rather than increase it. Our estimations suggest that the levels of FDI and local financial development in some relatively more developed Chinese regions have already surpassed such threshold values. We provide some interpretations of our findings and we discuss potential policy implications.     

FDI技术溢出、人力资本与中部崛起:理论及实证研究

本文分析了我国中部地区外商直接投资的现状与特征,并进行了区域比较;建立了FDI及其来源、人力资本影响技术进步和经济增长的实证模型,结合面板数据方法,研究我国中部六省外商直接投资技术溢出效应,结果发现,FDI主要通过其自身要素生产率的提高促进我国中部地区经济增长,人力资本的积累增强了FDI通过技术扩散对全要素生产率的正的外溢效应,但相对于我国港澳台地区,来自欧美日等国的FDI能够更好地与中部地区人力资本相结合。     

人力资本、工资地区异质性与中国城市利用外商直接投资

在经济全球化与对外开放进一步深化的背景下,人力资本较传统的因素更能对中国城市利用外商直接投资的非均衡分布产生重要影响,且关键是人力资本与城市利用外商直接投资的关系受工资水平地区异质性的制约和调节。在相同条件下,当一个城市工资水平大于其阈值时,人力资本水平的提高能促进当地城市利用外商直接投资的增长;而当一个城市的工资水平低于其阈值时,人力资本的提高反而不利于当地城市利用外商直接投资。更为重要的是,若考虑不同类别的人力资本时,只有在工资水平较高的城市群组中,人力资本教育指数的提高才能促进当地城市利用外商直接投资的增加。因此,各地政府要实施因地制宜的差异化经济发展政策,重视对人力资本的投入,提高各类人力资本的质量,完善当地基础设施和人才流动机制,推动当地城市经济的高质量发展,以此优化城市利用外商直接投资的分布,提高不同城市利用外商直接投资的质量。     

Environmental Regulation Induced Foreign Direct Investment

The last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the relationship between environmental regulations and international capital flows. However, empirical studies have so far failed to find conclusive evidence for this so-called pollution haven or race to the bottom effect where foreign direct investment (FDI) is assumed to be attracted to low regulation countries, regions or states. In this paper we present a simple theoretical framework to demonstrate that greater stringency in environmental standards can lead to a strategic increase in capital inflows which we refer to as environmental regulation induced FDI. Our result reveals a possible explanation for the mixed results in the empirical literature and provides an illustration of the conditions under which environmental regulations in the host country can affect the location decision of foreign firms.     

环境污染、人力资本与区域创新发展

基于2002—2015年中国省级面板数据,研究环境污染对区域创新水平的影响,进一步以人力资本作为中介变量,运用中介效应研究其中的传导机制。研究发现:环境污染显著降低了我国的创新水平;人力资本是环境污染影响创新水平的一个重要传导渠道,环境污染会通过降低人力资本水平对创新水平产生负向影响。得到如下启示:政府应加强对环境污染的治理、增加人力资本投资,为人力资本积累和集聚创造良好的条件;继续加强交通基础建设以及增加R&D投入,为创新水平的提升提供良好的基础。     

Foreign Direct Investment,Economic Growth,and the Human Capital Threshold: Evidence from US States*

The United States has experienced a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years. While foreign firms bring immediate benefits of high‐paying jobs, data limitations have prevented detailed study on FDI's long‐term effects on the states receiving it. By creating a new stock measure of FDI based on employment, we are able to capture these long‐term effects. Results demonstrate that FDI has a greater impact on per capita output growth than domestic investment for US states that meet a minimum human capital threshold. Ironically, the most active states in the recruitment of FDI tend to fall below this threshold.     

外资与人力资源开发:对中国经验的总结

本文主要论述人力资源对外资的影响。基本观点是 :我国现有的人力资本水平对吸引外资的规模、质量、结构以及效果起着重要、甚至决定性的作用。如果要提升外资的附加价值含量 ,需要对我国人力资源开发政策进行一些调整 ,包括提高人口教育水平以及与跨国公司合作 ,来共同致力于我国人力资源的开发     

Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Inequality in China

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is blamed for being one of the main factors widening regional inequality in Chinese regions since it is highly unevenly distributed spatially. If this logic were true, then controlling the scale of FDI could be a solution to reduce regional inequality. However, it is difficult to reconcile the positive effect of FDI on economic growth with its potential "negative" effect on regional inequality. Using the largest panel dataset covering all the Chinese regions over the entire period 1979–2003 and employing an augmented Cobb–Douglas production function, this paper proves that FDI has been an important factor responsible for regional growth differences in China. However, it suggests that FDI cannot be blamed for rising regional inequality. It is the uneven distribution of FDI instead of FDI itself that has caused regional growth differences. The research results have important policy implications on regional development in China relating to FDI.     

Agglomeration Effects in Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

Does environmental regulation impair international competitiveness of pollution-intensive industries to the extent that they relocate to countries with less stringent regulation, turning those countries into “pollution havens”? We test this hypothesis using panel data on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows of various industries in the German manufacturing sector and account for several econometric issues that have been ignored in previous studies. Most importantly, we demonstrate that externalities associated with FDI agglomeration can bias estimates away from finding a pollution haven effect if omitted from the analysis. We include the stock of inward FDI as a proxy for agglomeration and employ a GMM estimator to control for endogenous time-varying determinants of FDI flows. Furthermore, we propose a difference estimator based on the least polluting industry to break the possible correlation between environmental regulatory stringency and unobservable attributes of FDI recipients in the cross-section. When accounting for these issues we find robust evidence of a pollution haven effect for the chemical industry.     

Foreign Debt,Foreign Direct Investment and Volatility

We investigate how foreign debt and foreign direct investment (FDI) affect the growth and welfare of a stochastically growing small open economy. First, we find that foreign debt influences the growth of domestic wealth by lowering the cost of capital, while FDI affects the country's welfare by providing an additional source of permanent income. Second, a decline in domestic investment may improve domestic welfare as FDI replaces the gap. Even when the welfare deteriorates, its magnitude is mitigated, leaving more room for discretionary fiscal policy. Third, a fiscal policy aimed to stabilize domestic output fluctuations needs to be conducted not to crowd out the welfare benefit of FDI too much. Fourth, an economy with both types of foreign capital experiences wider welfare swings by external volatility shocks than the one with foreign debt alone, while the welfare effects from domestic volatility shocks are mitigated. The welfare effects of fiscal shocks are much smaller with both types of foreign capital. Lastly, the first-best labor income tax covers the government absorption by the labor's share of total output, and the capital income tax covers the rest. Investment is penalized or subsidized depending on the social marginal cost-gain differential.     

外商直接投资与我国的区域出口绩效

本文采用面板数据(PanelData)模型方法,对1991年—2002年外商直接投资对我国省级出口效应进行了分析,结果表明:90年代以来,外商直接投资在总体上对我国的省级出口贸易起到了积极的促进作用。通过对中、东、西三个地区的进一步研究发现:外商直接投资对我国三个不同的区域出口影响不同,东部地区的影响效应要强于中部地区,同时发现外商直接投资对西部地区的省级出口影响并不显著。     

外资企业对华直接投资的轨迹分析

本文对在华外来企业投资的阶段性特征进行概述。文章从外来企业的投资额、所投资的行业、投资国别等角度总结了各个阶段的发展状况,建立了对华直接投资的轨迹模型。以便给政府决策提出适当的建议。当前在华投资的企业正处于从高潮阶段至稳步阶段的过渡期,这对未来吸收外来跨国公司在华投资决策有一定的借鉴作用。     

在华外商直接投资的区位选择——基于不同进入模式的比较分析

文章利用面板数据对在华外商直接投资三种进入模式的区位选择进行了对比分析,实证结果表明,中外合资企业、合作经营企业以及外商独资企业在区位选择上存在明显差异。市场规模大、FDI集聚多,以及基础设施完善的区域有利于外商独资企业进入,而中外合作经营企业则倾向于劳动力成本低、享有优惠政策的区域。     

Threshold Effects in the Capital Account Liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment Relationship

This paper examines how capital account liberalization （CAL） affects foreign direct investment （FDI） inflows. Authors use a dynamic panel model encompassing 14 Middle East countries over the period from 1985 to 2009. The findings suggest that countries that are able to reap the benefits of the capital openness policy satisfy certain threshold conditions regarding the level of financial development and institutional quality. Thus to promote FDI, governments in this region should develop a set of policies that not only focus on financial openness, but also on the improvement of the financial system and legal institutions.