货物贸易、服务贸易与技术贸易发展趋向

通过对世界货物贸易、世界服务贸易和国际技术贸易这三者的发展状况进行对比分析,考察三者在贸易自由化方面的关系,认为技术贸易自由化的阻力是技术贸易、服务贸易和货物贸易中最小的,且发展最快;服务贸易自由化的阻力又小于货物贸易自由化的阻力,其发展速度快于货物贸易,并据此提出我国应采取的对策建议。     

国际贸易理论的演进逻辑:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果

国际贸易理论历经古典贸易理论、新古典贸易理论、新贸易理论、新兴古典贸易理论和新新贸易理论五个阶段,主要回答三个基本问题:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果。依据不同的假设,贸易理论对影响贸易的边界条件的解释各不相同,对贸易动因解释也不相同;贸易结构从行业间贸易、行业内贸易发展为企业间贸易,国际贸易正在向全球化下的企业分工演变;贸易结果是国际贸易得以持续展开的效果,生产力提升是最终的结果。基于三个基本问题,比较各种国际贸易理论,揭示各种国际贸易理论的局限性,并做出评价。     

省际贸易、国际贸易与经济增长——基于长三角制造业数据的经验分析

在描述长江三角洲制造业省际贸易和国际贸易发展的基础上,利用江苏、浙江、上海三省市2002-2007年的投入产出表,实证检验了省际贸易和国际贸易对经济增长的影响.研究结果表明:省际贸易和国际贸易都对经济增长产生了正面影响,但省际贸易的经济增长效应要大于国际贸易,而且省际贸易和国际贸易对低技术行业的经济增长效应要大于高技术行业.     

Carbon,Trade Policy and Carbon Free Trade Areas

This paper discusses both the potential contribution that trade policy initiatives can make towards the achievement of significant global carbon emissions reduction and the potential impacts of proposals now circulating for carbon reduction motivated geographical trade arrangements, including carbon‐free trade areas. We first suggest that trade policy is likely to be a relatively minor consideration in climate change containment. The dominant influence on carbon emissions globally for the next several decades will be growth more than trade and its composition, and in turn, the size of trade seemingly matters more than its composition given differences in emission intensity between tradables and non‐tradables. We then note that differences in emissions intensity across countries are larger than across products or sectors and so issues of country discrimination in trade policy (and violations of MFN) arise. We next discuss both unilateral and regional carbon motivated trade policy arrangements, including three potential variants of carbon emission reduction based free trade area arrangements. One is regional trade agreements with varying types of trade preferences towards low carbon‐intensive products, low carbon new technologies and inputs to low carbon processes. A second is the use of joint border measures against third parties to counteract anti‐competitive effects from groups of countries taking on deeper emission reduction commitments. A third is third‐country trade barriers along with free trade or other regional trade agreements as penalty mechanisms to pressure other countries to join emission‐reducing environmental agreements. We differentiate among the objectives, forms and possible impacts of each variant. We also speculate as to how the world trading system may evolve in the next few decades as trade policy potentially becomes increasingly dominated by environmental concerns. We suggest that the future evolution of the trading system will likely be with environmentally motivated arrangements acting as an overlay on prevailing trade and financial arrangements in the WTO and IMF, and eventually movement to linked global trade and environmental policy bargaining.     

拓展新型贸易理论 妥善应对贸易摩擦

在现代经济学中,国际贸易理论主要研究有形和无形商品的跨国交易、生产要素的国际流动等问题。在国际贸易理论的发展过程中,产生了重商主义的国际贸易理论、绝对优势理论、比较优势理论、要素禀赋理论、新贸易理论以及新新贸易理论等等。这些贸易理论构成国际贸易教科书的基本内容,有一个重要的特点:将国际贸易与自给自足进行比较,以此辨别来自国际贸易的利益。这种理论告诉人们,与自给自足相比,国际贸易能够获得更多的好处,这就是国际贸易利益。依据这种国际贸易     

金融危机下遏制贸易保护主义的法律对策

在全球金融危机的笼罩下,贸易保护主义卷土重来。20世纪30年代《斯穆特-霍利关税法》导致大萧条与当今全球金融危机催生新一轮贸易保护主义有惊人的相似。为了避免全球贸易危机发生,信守更坚实和稳定的多边贸易体制,加强国家之间的合作,将是应对金融危机蔓延、抵制贸易保护主义的良策。     

Trade, turnover, and tithing

This paper examines the hypothesis that turnover affects trade preferences. High turnover industries are similar to the Stolper-Samuelson assumption of perfect factor mobility, so factor of production drives trade preferences. Among low turnover industries, as in the specific factors model, net export position determines trade preferences. We show that PAC contribution patterns are consistent with this hypothesis. In high turnover industries, capital groups give significantly larger shares of their campaign contributions to free trade supporters than labor groups do. Among low turnover industries, on the other hand, exporting and import-competing groups differ significantly in their financial support for free traders.     

Product Innovativeness,Trade Show Strategy and Trade Show Performance

Abstract

This study examines the effects of product innovativeness and trade show strategy on trade show performance. Based on a sample from the information technology industry in Taiwan, the results show that companies marketing innovative products focus on the trust and relationship building toward visitors and trade show organizers. In addition, information communication and relationship building strategies toward visitors affect perceived trade show performance. Finally, product innovativeness has a direct effect on perceived trade show performance in addition to the effect through trade show strategies.     

2000年美国对外贸易状况

美国作为世界头号贸易大国是中国最主要的贸易伙伴之一,其贸易发展变化对我国外贸影响很大。总结美国过去一年的对外贸易,进一步了解美国的贸易地位、进出口商品结构、服务贸易结构、贸易平衡状况、贸易流向和贸易发展变化趋向等十分必要,对我国有关部门及时制定相关政策,帮助企业抓住商机调整发展战略,均有重大意义。     

Migration,Unemployment and Trade

Using an oligopoly model of trade with asymmetric costs, we study the individual and world welfare implications of a hub and spoke trade agreement where the hub country is more efficient than spoke countries. Under a hub and spoke trade regime, the hub country can benefit at the expense of the spokes relative to free trade. Furthermore, if the hub is sufficiently efficient compared to the spokes, such a regime can yield higher global welfare than free trade. Preferential treatment of the efficient hub country in its export markets improves world welfare because it helps allocate a larger share of the world’s output to a low cost location.     

中美两国的贸易逆差、外交反应与双边贸易平衡

中美两国贸易逆差是中美经济和政治外交博弈互动的结果,并由中美两国经济内生力量和政治外交力量共同决定。实证模型表明:(1)中美两国贸易逆差扩大是两国外交重要的驱动力量;(2)中美两国总外交具有缩小贸易逆差、平衡两国贸易的效应,而中美两国双边访问、双边协商和外交声明的贸易平衡效应具有边际不对称性和时滞性;(3)中美两国贸易逆差历史积累具有逆差扩张效应;(4)中美两国贸易逆差的变动由逆差自身扩张效应和外交平衡效应共同决定,但起主要作用的是经济内生逆差积累扩张效应;(5)中美两国可以积极发展外交和调整外交组合模式,调节两国贸易逆差,但不能从根本上解决两国贸易不平衡问题。     

Variable Trade Costs,Composition Effects and the Intensive Margin of Trade

We estimate the elasticity of extra EU French firm‐level exports with respect to applied tariffs – a variable trade cost. We implement a method controlling for unobserved firm characteristics driving selection in exports market, and controlling for the multilateral resistance terms. Results confirm a significant negative impact of tariffs on firm‐level exports, with one fifth of this impact falling on the induced adjustment in the exporters' product mix. When controlling for this adjustment and focusing on the core exported products, the elasticity of the product‐destination firm‐level exports with respect to applied tariffs is estimated at about −2.5.     

商品贸易、要素流动与贸易投资一体化

国际贸易和对外直接投资(FDI)是国际经济分工的两种基本形态,传统的贸易理论完全否认国际要素流动的存在.所以国际贸易理论和对外直接投资理论形成了不同的分析框架。但国际经济实践表明,国际贸易和要素流动(资本流动)可以普遍发生于各国之间,目前国际贸易和对外直接投资呈现一体化趋势。研究认为国际间要素流动是国际分工的最一般形式,商品贸易是“要素集”的跨国流动,是要素流动的特殊形态。最后,对贸易与投资的相互转化关系进行初步探讨。     

数字经济发展水平、贸易成本与增加值贸易

近年来,随着数字经济成为亚太乃至全球未来的发展方向,其不断深入导致全球价值链整体或部分环节数字化,对增加值贸易的影响日益凸显.基于此,文章通过构建数字经济发展水平指标评价体系,实证检验贸易伙伴国数字经济发展和差异对增加值贸易的影响.实证结果表明,进出口国的数字经济发展均对增加值贸易有显著促进作用,且对复杂价值链出口的影响更显著.在行业层面,出口国数字经济发展水平的提升能有效增加其服务业国内增加值的出口,而进出口国数字经济均衡发展将有利于制造业出口国内增加值的提升.同时,中介效应检验表明,贸易双方综合数字经济发展水平提升能够通过"贸易成本效应"对增加值贸易产生影响.     

贸易成本、实际汇率波动与贸易伙伴国的选择

本文通过建立一个两国模型,从理论上推导出贸易成本加成是通过何种途径作用于实际汇率,进而从弱化汇率波动的角度探讨一国对贸易伙伴国的选择问题。本文还利用21个国家和地区1990-2013年的相关数据进行了面板回归分析。研究表明,汇率制度缺乏弹性且以间接金融为主的贸易顺差国(或地区)的实际汇率波动会因贸易成本的增加而增大,因此选择那些地理距离较近的国家作为贸易伙伴会缩减实际汇率波动,如中国、日本和俄罗斯等;而汇率制度较有弹性且货币政策以利率为目标的国家的实际汇率波动会因贸易成本的增加而减小,因此更适合选择地理距离较远的国家作为贸易伙伴,如美国、英国和东盟诸国。     

What's the Point of Reciprocal Trade Negotiations? Exports,Imports, and Gains from Trade

This paper explains why trade‐policy makers may prefer reciprocal trade negotiations (RTN) to unilateral tariff reductions (UTR) for economic reasons. It answers puzzles like ‘Why WTO reciprocity?’ and strengthens the unnecessarily weak case made for the WTO by those who downplay or dismiss benefits from foreign tariff reductions (FTR). RTN is superior to UTR because it provides economic benefits that UTR cannot – namely, FTR benefits which are clearer than potentially important UTR benefits: Whereas each policy offers efficiency gains, any terms‐of‐trade effect of UTR generally detracts from these gains, while any terms‐of‐trade effect of FTR is typically beneficial (especially for a small price‐taking country) with this benefit augmenting FTR's efficiency gains. Moreover, benefits from reductions in foreign barriers may come from several sources; they are not solely the result of terms‐of‐trade improvement – or economies of scale (the two benefits already noted in the literature, though often dismissed). For example, with foreign NTB elimination, possible home benefits are shown even with rising costs and terms‐of‐trade deterioration. RTN is also superior to UTR because, by eliminating protection in either NTB or tariff form, RTN provides an escape from not only a terms‐of‐trade prisoners’ dilemma, but many other previously unrecognised prisoners’ dilemmas, including one in international rent transfers, and several others with no economies‐of‐scale or terms‐of‐trade motivation. Of course, if superior RTN is not an option, UTR may well be desirable. If reciprocity is an option, but only in a narrower CU or FTA form, such reciprocity may still be superior to UTR, or it may be inferior; theory cannot unambiguously rank these.     

Trade Imbalance,Conflict and Prospect

From the standpoint of USA, as one of the largest exporters of low-cost labor-intensive goods, China presents some- what of a dilemma to the US in terms of its potential for causing material injury to US domestic markets. As a response, the US has appealed to trade remedy measures such as the imposition of anti-dumping duties,     

Trade,development, and poverty-induced comparative advantage

This paper deals with the relation between trade and development when poverty affects individual decision making. We develop a two-sector model that links production and schooling decisions under poverty with standard neo-classical trade analyses. The decision to either work or acquire skills depends on households having reached subsistence levels of income, implying that the income level of a country becomes important in establishing comparative advantages and trade patterns. Trade liberalisation is always allocative efficient, but its timing is important for the speed by which countries industrialise. Our analysis supports the idea that there are instances that stalling trade liberalisation may serve industrial development.