数字经济对中国绿色能源效率的影响——基于中介和门槛效应的分析

文章选取2011—2020年省际面板数据,运用双固定面板模型、中介效应模型和门槛效应模型检验了数字经济对能源效率的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明：数字经济对绿色能源效率的影响存在先抑制后促进的正“U”型特征;从影响机制来看,数字经济能够通过技术创新、产业结构合理化和高级化三种渠道促进绿色能源效率提升;门槛效应发现只有产业结构合理化存在门槛效应,当超越门槛值时对绿色能源效率的负向影响开始凸显。由于中国的中部和西部地区省份的产业结构不合理化现象比较严重。因此建议要着重提升中、西部地区省份的产业结构合理化水平,发挥数字经济促进产业结构合理化、高级化的作用,进而提升全国绿色能源效率水平,为实现经济高质量发展提供绿色动能。     

数字经济对长江经济带产业结构升级的影响

数字经济已成为长江经济带构建新发展格局的动力源泉。本文从数字产业化、产业数字化和数字化环境三个维度衡量长江经济带数字经济发展水平,从产业结构合理化、高级化和产业聚集三个层面定量评价产业结构发展水平,从理论和实证两个方面考察数字经济对产业结构升级的影响机理。研究发现,数字经济促进了产业结构升级,周边城市产业结构升级会对本地的产业结构调整产生积极作用;数字经济优化了产业结构布局,提高了服务业聚集水平,促进了制造业企业转型升级。数字经济通过提高绿色创新效能和吸引劳动力流入两大机制推动产业结构升级。进一步研究发现,数字经济促进了制造业企业绿色化转型。为此,应当加快数字化转型,培养创新人才,提升绿色创新效能。     

数字经济赋能长江经济带经济增长——基于产业结构升级视角

基于2012—2021年长江经济带省级面板数据,从数字基础设施、数字技术创新、数字产业发展与数字金融发展四个维度构建了数字经济发展水平评价体系。运用固定效应模型和中介效应模型实证分析长江经济带数字经济对经济增长的影响机理,并进一步运用面板门槛模型分析长江经济带数字经济与产业结构升级、经济增长之间的非线性关系。结果表明:数字经济发展有助于推动长江经济带经济增长;在数字经济对经济增长的传导机制中产业结构升级发挥了显著的中介作用;数字经济对长江经济带产业结构升级和经济增长的影响存在非线性特征。     

数字经济促进产业结构升级的机制与效应研究

剖析数字产业化、产业数字化、数字经济促进产业结构升级的机制，构建门槛效应模型，收集2011—2020年我国内地30个省份数字经济与产业结构升级相关数据，测度数字产业化、产业数字化、数字经济的效应，并对各地区数字产业化与产业数字化水平的协同性进行可视化分析。结果表明，数字产业化对产业结构升级存在倒U型递增影响效应，产业数字化对产业结构升级存在正向递增影响效应，相较于产业数字化，数字产业化对产业结构升级的促进效应更强；数字经济对产业结构升级存在正向递增影响效应；数字产业化与产业数字化协同水平可分为双高型、双低型、数字产业化加强型、产业数字化加强型。在此基础上，提出有效促进产业结构升级的针对性建议。     

数字经济对共同富裕的影响研究 ——基于产业结构升级的视角

将数字经济具象化，构建七部门动态随机一般均衡（DSGE）模型，通过冲击模拟研究数字经济对共同富裕的经济效应，并以209个地级市数据为样本，运用面板固定效应模型实证分析数字经济、产业结构升级对共同富裕的影响。结果显示：我国数字经济发展有助于推动产业结构升级，并从“共同度”“富裕度”两个维度推动共同富裕进程；产业结构升级是数字经济推动共同富裕的中介变量，数字经济发展越快的地区，产业结构升级对共同富裕的边际影响越强；从数字经济的二级指标看，数字技术、数字金融、互联网经济平台均有助于提升“富裕度”，但数字技术对“共同度”的影响不显著。对此，建议大力引导数字经济赋能产业结构升级的同时，更重视解决数字技术的负外部性问题，让数字经济红利更好为全体人民共享，从而加快实现共同富裕目标。     

新型数字基础设施能够推动产业结构升级吗——来自中国272个地级市的经验证据

人工智能、大数据、物联网等新一代信息技术的推广应用能够有效促进产业结构升级,为推动中国经济转型升级提供重要支撑。基于新型数字基础设施的技术创新效应、资源配置效应和消费升级效应,剖析新型数字基础设施影响产业结构升级的逻辑机理,并利用2007—2018年中国272个地级市面板数据进行实证检验。结果表明,新型数字基础设施能够显著促进产业结构升级,且经过一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立;新型数字基础设施通过促进技术创新,推动产业结构升级,资源配置的中介效应检验结果不稳健,消费升级表现为遮掩效应;新型数字基础设施对产业结构升级的影响具有城市异质性,在沿海城市和大中规模城市中,新型数字基础设施对产业结构升级的正向促进作用更加显著,市场化程度越高,其促进作用越显著。研究结论对更好地发挥新型数字基础设施对产业结构升级的促进作用具有重要政策启示。     

数字普惠金融对产业结构优化升级的影响——基于门槛模型的实证分析

文章使用我国2011—2020年的省级数据,使用门槛模型,从产业结构高级化和合理化的角度,深入分析数字普惠金融与产业结构优化升级的关系。发现：除数字化程度与产业结构合理化的非线性关系不成立外,数字普惠金融及其各维度均与产业结构升级之间有非线性关系;数字普惠金融和各维度在不同的水平下,对产业结构升级的作用不同,并且更有利于产业结构高级化发展;数字普惠金融更有利于高经济水平地区的产业结构优化;通过中介效应模型和逐步检验回归系数法,发现人力资本在数字普惠金融与产业结构优化升级之间发挥正向中介作用。     

农村产业结构升级对农村经济韧性的影响

基于2008—2020年数据,采用GMM等方法实证研究农村产业结构升级对农村经济韧性的影响,并进一步探讨基础设施在其中的作用。研究发现：(1)观察期内农村产业结构合理化和高级化均促进了农村经济韧性的提升,门限效应表明产业结构高级化的影响呈现先抑制后促进的作用。(2)农村经济增长是产业升级提升经济韧性的有效中介渠道。农村交通和生活性基础设施越完善,产业升级提升农村经济韧性效果越明显,但生产性基础设施调节效应不显著。(3)进一步研究发现,农产品加工业较农业生产性服务业和休闲农业对韧性的促进效应更明显,产业结构升级对不同水平的农村经济韧性的影响呈现马太效应。     

环境规制下技术创新对产业结构升级的影响——基于长江沿岸中心城市面板数据的实证分析

采用长江沿岸中心城市2006—2018年面板数据,在综合测算技术创新水平、产业结构合理化与产业结构高度化水平的基础上,重点考察了技术创新对产业结构升级的直接影响和具体作用路径,并运用门槛模型分析了环境规制对技术创新产业结构升级效应的影响。结果显示:技术创新能够有效地推动产业结构合理化发展,并与产业结构高级化之间存在U形曲线关系;在不同技术创新和环境规制门槛区间内,技术创新对产业结构高级化的作用逐步由抑制转变为促进;较弱的环境规制强度为技术引进、模仿创新提供了可能性,进而有助于提升技术创新的产业结构合理化效应,而实现产业结构高度化发展则需要适度提高环境标准,同时应促使企业强化自主创新以提升产业竞争力并打破产业转型升级所面临的资源环境约束。     

数字基础设施建设促进了数字经济与实体经济融合吗?——基于“宽带中国”战略的准自然实验

促进数字经济与实体经济融合发展，对于重塑传统经济体系、推动资源有效整合，实现实体经济高质量发展具有重要意义。基于“宽带中国”战略的准自然实验，通过耦合评价模型测度2011—2020年全国284个城市数字经济与实体经济融合水平，利用多期双重差分法实证分析数字基础设施建设对数字经济与实体经济融合的影响及作用机制。研究发现，我国城市数字经济与实体经济融合水平普遍较低，但存在随着年份逐渐上升的趋势。数字基础设施建设能够促进数字经济与实体经济融合，且具有显著的正向空间溢出效应。中介效应模型显示，数字基础设施建设通过改善城市要素配置效率、促进城市产业结构升级与提升城市创业活跃度推动数字经济与实体经济融合。异质性分析表明，在东部地区、经济发展水平高以及传统基础设施建设水平高的城市，数字基础设施建设对数字经济与实体经济融合的影响更加显著。     

Health, Wealth, Fertility, Education, and Inequality

The authors use a new cross-country dataset to estimate the strength of the links between different dimensions of social and economic development, including indicators of health, fertility, and education, as well as material wellbeing. This differs from previous studies in employing data for different income groups in each country in order to provide direct evidence on factors driving inequality, and in using a unique measure of material wellbeing that does not rely on PPP comparisons.     

IPR,Trade, FDI,and Technology Transfer

In this survey, we discuss how intellectual property rights （IPR） protection in the South affects trade flows, foreign direct investment （FDI） flows, and technology transfers from the North to the South. We also discuss optimal IPR policies and their effect on innovation. Our discussion covers both theoretical studies and empirical evidence. This survey is both comprehensive and critical. It aims to give readers the current state of IPR and globalization literature. Some issues have been studied more thoroughly, whereas for others the surface has only been scratched upon. This survey gives readers a clearer picture of the literature and may help them find future research topics.     

Trade,Remittances, Institutions,and Economic Growth

This paper empirically investigates the role of trade, remittances, and institutions in economic development in a large sample of developing countries using recently developed instruments for all these variables. Both cross-country (over 30 years) and dynamic panel data (over 5-year periods) regressions of growth rates on instrumented trade, remittances, and institutions provide evidence of a significant impact of trade, institutions, and remittances on growth. While institutions foster growth, remittances hamper it. The effect of trade on growth is positive in cross-sectional regressions but ambiguous in dynamic panel data regressions. These results are indicative of a more important role for trade in explaining growth in the very long run compared with over shorter horizons.     

Country terms of trade: trends,unit roots,over-differencing,endogeneity, time dummies,and heterogeneity

The debate about the Prebisch-Singer thesis has focused on primary commodities with some extensions to manufactures. We analyse trends in country terms-of-trade for goods and services rather than those for commodities according to the World Bank income classification. We find that the natural logarithm of the terms of trade for all groups except for the poorest has common unit roots, but none has individual unit roots. As low-income countries have no unit roots over-differencing is inefficient and biases significance levels in first differences against the fall in the terms of trade. For the low-income countries the terms of trade of goods and services are falling at a rate that is significantly negative without and with endogeneity treatment by system GMM. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of time dummies supports the result of falling terms of trade for low-income countries. When all coefficients are country-specific 50% of all low-income countries have falling terms of trade in a simultaneous equation estimation using the SUR method. Food and financial crisis have no effect on the number of countries with falling terms of trade, but (dis-)improve the terms of trade or the significance of the results for a very small number of countries.     

Modinomics: Design,Implementation, Outcomes,and Prospects

This paper presents an analysis of the key elements of Modinomics, defined as “everyone's participation, everyone's progress.” It investigates the reasons why Modinomics was necessary, the key elements of Modinomics, and how this policy was implemented. It argues that India's economic policy has had continuity since the economic reform package of 1991, so Modinomics has involved a high component of better implementation. Nevertheless, there have been some major policy changes as well. The paper discusses the deep structural reforms of demonetization and a Goods and Services Tax as well the new Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act. The paper examines the record of economic growth under Modi as well as new welfare and employment programs to make economic growth more inclusive. Finally, the paper examines the medium and long‐term growth prospects for India.     

Excise taxes,over-shifting,cross-elasticity,and tax revenue

This article examines cross-elasticity effects in excise taxation for markets characterized by monopolistic competition and over-shifting. Extending the constant elasticity demand model to consider cross-elasticity leads to notably different results regarding tax revenue maximization. With nonzero but weak cross-elasticity effects relative to the price elasticity, we derive a higher optimal tax-price ratio compared to prior research. With strong cross-elasticity, revenue can continually be increased by raising the excise tax. Overall, the study offers government greater incentive to use excise taxes to obtain revenue.     

Basic income,liberal neutrality,socialism, and work

Liberal critics often object to basic income (BI) on the grounds that it violates reciprocity and is biased toward those who choose voluntarily to opt out of work and thus violate the principle of liberal neutrality toward conceptions of the good life. In the first part of this paper I argue that liberal neutrality favors BI. Marxist critics of BI are less likely to accept liberal neutrality, but I argue in the second part that the argument for BI in the first part applies with equal force to Marxist objections that BI is unfairly exploitative of workers. Marxists are also less likely to accept current labor market trends, seeing socialism as affording more opportunity for guaranteeing everyone a right to decent work, and suspecting BI of making the unfair inequalities of capitalism a little more palatable while diverting attention from a more equitable socialist alternative. I argue that BI is not incompatible with socialism or Marxism, and should not be opposed to but rather combined with strategies for full employment.