游客对旅游地教育服务的支付意愿研究

为有计划性、引导性的倡导使用者付费的理念,建立公开透明、科学合理的定价机制,运用条件价值评估法(CVM)对全国12个省12个旅游景区的中国游客进行了实地抽样调查,分析游客对教育服务项目的支付意愿。基于2 800份有效问卷数据,获得了受访者支付意愿的分布形态和规律,构建了游客支付意愿与其影响因素之间关系的模型。结果显示:49.40%的游客愿意支付教育服务费用,平均支付额度为28.6元;游客的年龄、婚姻状态、学历、职业、收入与其教育服务支付意愿之间存在显著性关系,旅游地游客教育水平也直接影响游客的支付意愿,而性别与其支付意愿没有显著的差异。同时,游客的年龄、学历、职业、收入对支付方式的影响较大,64.1%的游客想通过门票支付,27.5%的游客想通过小费支付。     

江苏省城市消费者对食品安全支付意愿的实证研究——以低残留青菜为例

本文以江苏省城市消费者为调查对象，通过假想价值评估法，运用Logit回归模型，分析了消费者对食品安全（以低残留青菜为例）的支付意愿及其影响因素。研究结果表明，消费者对低残留青菜中食品安全的平均支付意愿达到了2．68元／斤，其价格溢出为335％。其中，大城市南京的消费者对食品安全的支付意愿为2．42元／斤，中小城市扬州的消费者的支付意愿为2．77元／斤。此外，本文还就影响消费者支付意愿的主要因素进行分析。     

江苏省城市消费者对食品安全支付意愿的实证研究-以低残留青菜为例

该文以江苏省城市消费者为调查对象,通过假想价值评估法,运用LOGIT回归模型,分析了消费者对食品安全(以低残留青菜为例)的支付意愿及其影响因素.研究结果表明,消费者对低残留青菜中食品安全的平均支付意愿达到了2.68元/斤,其价格溢出为335%.其中,大城市南京的消费者对食品安全的支付意愿为2.42元/斤,中小城市扬州的消费者的支付意愿为2.77元/斤.此外,该文还就影响消费者支付意愿的主要因素进行分析.     

江苏省城市消费者对食品安全支付意愿的实证研究-以低残留青菜为例

本文以江苏省城市消费者为调查对象,通过假想价值评估法,运用Logit回归模型,分析了消费者对食品安全(以低残留青菜为例)的支付意愿及其影响因素。研究结果表明,消费者对低残留青菜中食品安全的平均支付意愿达到了2.68元/斤,其价格溢出为335%。其中,大城市南京的消费者对食品安全的支付意愿为2.42元/斤,中小城市扬州的消费者的支付意愿为2.77元/斤。此外,本文还就影响消费者支付意愿的主要因素进行分析。     

改善东湖水质的经济分析

本文应用西方福利经济学的因果评价方法（ＣＶＭ），对东湖水质改善进行了经济分析。结果表明，游客作为消费者，有着改善水质的支付意愿；因而水质改善有着明确的经济价值。其政策含义在于，水污染治理必须以人们的支付意愿为基础，既要避免消费者福利损失，又要防止与经济发展和人们收入实际不符的治理实践。     

公益林生态效益价值居民支付意愿实证分析——以贵阳市为例

以贵阳市公益林为研究对象,采用条件价值评估法（CVM）,通过设计问卷、调查实施,对贵阳市居民公益林补偿的支付意愿（WTP）及影响因素进行了分析。结果显示：（1）73.6%贵阳市居民家庭对公益林生态效益价值有支付意愿,平均意愿支付额为每户家庭每年人民币213.96元;（2）支付意愿受社会经济因素综合影响,其中年龄、收入水平及环境关注态度对支付意愿具有显著影响,是影响支付意愿的主要因素。在对居民支付意愿影响因素进行分析的基础上,提出了一些建议性政策。     

农村居民水环境治理支付意愿及影响因素研究——基于江苏省的问卷调查

农村水环境治理仅靠政府投资难以为继,需要其他治理主体特别是作为主要受益者的农户的积极参与。为探讨农户参与农村水环境治理的意愿及其程度,应用条件价值法调查了江苏省农户水环境治理支付意愿,并通过Logistic回归模型和决策树模型对支付意愿的影响因素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:被调查农户水环境治理支付意愿较高,有73.64%的农户表示愿意支付;主要影响因素有水环境现状评价、非农收入比重、对政府的信任度、健康状况、文化程度和年龄,且影响程度由大到小。因此,政府在制定相关政策时,应综合考虑这些因素,着力改善政府形象,加强宣传教育,并创新投入机制和明确支付领域。     

居民改善自来水质量的支付意愿与因素识别

基于消费者选择理论,本文建立居民自主改善自来水质量的支付意愿模型,结合杭州、西安和太原三个城市的微观调研数据,分别运用Logit模型和Tobit模型,研究了居民自主改善自来水质量的支付意愿及其影响因素.研究结果显示:受访者水安全知识的知晓程度、受访者健康意识和家庭已经自主改善自来水质量对居民自主改善自来水质量的支付意愿具有显著正向影响.受访者年龄对居民自主改善自来水质量的支付意愿具有显著负向影响,家庭近三年购买耐用品的平均支出对居民自主改善自来水质量的支付意愿具有显著正向影响.基于此,为了促进居民自主改善自来水质量,需要借助多种宣传媒介来提高城市居民水安全健康知识的知晓程度,对终端水质较差地区建立常态化的居民自主改善自来水质量的激励机制.     

消费者对转基因大豆油支付意愿调查研究

我国大豆油市场中近九成的原料都是转基因大豆,但国内对转基因食品管理的研究还不是很多。本文通过问卷调查,分析消费者对于转基因大豆油的购买意愿以及对其的认知程度。另一方面,利用CVM调查法,进一步分析消费者对转基因大豆油的消费行为和支付意愿。同时,根据调研的结论提出相应的政策建议。     

浅谈意愿支付法

在药物经济学中,病人躯体和精神上痛苦所带来的隐性成本难以测量和界定。现在国际上看好的方法便是意愿支付法,本文就其概念、测量方法、特点进行了介绍;并利用已有的方法和指标进行评价与验证,探讨意愿支付法的合理范围,减少了意愿支付法的主观因素,为以后的意愿支付法研究提供借鉴。     

流域生态补偿的支付意愿及影响因素——以南水北调中线工程受水区郑州市为例

基于支付卡式(PC)条件价值法(CVM)对南水北调中线工程受水区郑州市进行问卷调查,利用Tobit模型考察了受水区居民使用南水北调中线工程水源区水质和水量生态服务的支付意愿(WTP)。结果表明:在302个有效样本中,受水区居民具有正支付意愿的比例为84.44%,其中89.8%的居民支付意愿值为10元/月及以下。根据两类WTP评估方法得出的郑州市居民支付意愿为5~8.09元/月。居民异质性是支付意愿的重要影响因素,收入水平、教育水平、年龄和偏好的影响显著;从居民对水源产权的认知看,受访者默认拥有清洁水源使用权,支付意愿决策具有较强的自利动机;从居民支付意愿决策背景看,水量和水质变化影响了居民的效用水平,从而改变了居民参与流域生态补偿的支付意愿。应建立生态服务使用方直接参与的流域生态补偿机制,根据受水区居民真实支付意愿对水源区进行生态补偿。     

应用意愿价值评估法,科学制订生态补偿标准

本文系统梳理了生态服务及其价值评估、支付意愿与补偿标准之间的理论联系,分析了当前生态补偿实践中存在的理论误区,指出充分考虑利益主体的意愿是科学制定补偿标准的必要环节,意愿价值评估法的应用将增强我国生态补偿标准的科学性。最后,提出了该方法在生态补偿实践中存在的问题和研究方向。     

Why Give up Money for the Baltic Sea? – Motives for People's Willingness (or Reluctance) to Pay

A contingent valuation survey about a reduction of the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea provided data about respondents' motives for their answers to the willingness to pay question. A categorization of the motives allowed an identification of protesters against the valuation scenario. The categorization also illustrated that a teleological ethical perspective is not shared by all respondents and that some respondents perceive human indirect use of ecosystems.     

Proportionality of Willingness to Pay to Small Changes in Risk: The Impact of Attitudinal Factors in Scope Tests

Sensitivity (proportionality) of willingness to pay (WTP) to (small) risk changes is often used as a criterion to test for valid measures of economic preferences. In a contingent valuation (CV) study conducted in Austria, 1,005 respondents were asked their WTP for preventing an increase in the risk of being killed in an avalanche of 1/42,500 and 3/42,500 respectively. WTP for the higher variation in risk is significantly greater than WTP for the lower risk change. We find evidence that those respondents who have had personal experience of avalanches in recent years combine the information about future risk increase—as provided in the survey—with the observed number of fatal avalanche accidents in the past. Proportionality of WTP holds if such prior experience is taken into account and if attitudinal factors in scope tests are controlled for. This research was funded by alpS GmbH—Center for Natural Hazard Management, Innsbruck, Austria.     

Economic Value of Water Quality Improvement by One Grade Level in Erhai Lake: A Willingness-to-Pay Survey and a Benefit-Transfer Study

Water quality in China has seriously deteriorated in recent years. However, very few valuation studies have been conducted to estimate the monetary values associated with water quality changes. As a result, the decision makers can hardly make rational choices with regard to investments in water quality improvement. This paper presents a valuation study conducted in Dali, Yunnan Province, which aims to estimate the total economic value of improving the water quality of Erhai Lake by one grade level. Both the contingent valuation method and the benefit transfer approach are employed in this study. The contingent valuation estimation strategy reveals that, on average, a household located in Dali is willing to pay about 27 yuan per month continuously for 5 years for the water quality improvement, equivalent to 1.7% of the household monthly income. The elasticity of willingness-to-pay with respect to income is estimated to be 0.28. The internal rate of economic return of the proposed pollution control project is estimated to be 13%. The benefit transfer exercise produces a similar estimation on willingness to pay (WTP) values, with a difference of less than 2% compared with the contingent valuation approach. The results indicate the potential reliability of using the benefit transfer approach for valuation estimations in Chinese provinces.     

Revealing Differences in Willingness to Pay due to the Dimensionality of Stated Choice Designs: An Initial Assessment

Stated choice (SC) methods are now a widely accepted data paradigm in the study of the choice responses of agents. Their popularity has spawned an industry of applications in fields as diverse as transportation, environmental science, health economics and policy, marketing, political science and econometrics. With rare exception, empirical studies have used a single SC design, in which the numbers of attributes, alternatives, choice sets, attribute levels and ranges have been fixed across the entire design. As a consequence the opportunity to investigate the influence of design dimensionality on behavioural response has been denied. Accumulated wisdom has promoted a large number of positions on what design features are specifically challenging for respondents; and although a number of studies have assessed the influence of subsets of design dimensions, there exists no single study (that we are aware of) that has systematically varied all of the main dimensions of SC experiments. This paper reports some initial findings on what influences, in aggregate, specific design configurations have on the mean willingness to pay for specific attributes using a Design of Designs (DoD) SC experiment in which the ‘attributes’ of the design are the design dimensions themselves. The design dimensions that are varied are the number of choice sets presented, the number of alternatives in each choice set, the number of attributes per alternative, the number of levels of each attribute and the range of attribute levels. The empirical evidence, using a sample of respondents in Sydney choosing amongst trip attribute bundles for their car commuting trip, suggests that, within the boundaries of design dimensionality investigated, mean estimates of WTP for travel time savings in the aggregate cover a range that is appropriate for reporting a global mean and a set of meaningful values for sensitivity testing in project appraisal and demand prediction. When these aggregated mean estimates are conditioned on all design dimensions we do not find any systematic differences due to specific design dimensions; however when each design dimension is assessed without controlling for the other dimensions we find evidence to support differences in aggregate mean WTP attributable to the number of attributes per alternative and the number of alternatives in a choice set. Research funded under the Australian Research Council Large Grants Scheme, Grant A00103962.     

基于地理学对"三江源"生态难民形成机制的分析

本文围绕“三江源”日益恶化的生态环境及由此引发的生态难民问题,从地理学的角度进行了综合分析,明确提出独特的自然环境系统和现代环境的变迁给源区牧民提供了极其狭小的空间,而人类活动中传统的生产方式、现代价值取向的变化、社会管理的失误以及落后的经济发展水平,无限制的对自然的索取,超越了环境系统所能承受的阀值,人类不得不听任自然的“安排”。因此,应通过合理规划,积极妥善地安置源区生态难民;调整产业结构,积极发展源区经济;科学管理,有计划地节制外来流动人员;发展教育,构建与源区生态相适宜的生态文化,实现区域可持续发展的“双赢”目标。     

CVM评估生态服务价值的经济有效性和可靠性理论述评

意愿价值法(CVM)以新古典需求理论为基础,构造假想市场使生态服务价值的评估成为可能。但在应用中产生各种不符合经济理论预期的经济"异常"现象,使其有效性和可靠性受到广泛质疑。本文系统梳理了国际上经济、生态、社会等领域学者对"异常"现象的理论解释与争论,阐明了CVM的应用必须考虑评估对象的性质、所处区域的社会制度条件、市场化程度等因素,并指出:要在我国推广应用CVM,必须结合我国转型经济特殊阶段的社会条件对其有效性与可靠性进行深入的理论探讨。     

长江上游地区退耕还林（草）的紧迫性与对策

本文论述了长江上游地区退耕还林（草）的重大意义及其紧迫性,在此基础上,提出了实施的对策。