工业行业土地集约利用与产业结构调整研究——以江苏省为例

研究目的:对江苏省工业内部不同行业用地集约程度进行定量化评价,为产业结构调整提供参考依据。研究方法:统计分析法与比较分析法。研究结果(:1)江苏省主要工业行业土地利用集约程度存在一定差异,不同指标反映的行业间差距明显(;2)江苏省的土地投入和产出水平均低于上海,具有提升空间(;3)苏南、苏中、苏北三大区域间工业行业土地集约利用水平差异显著,为产业布局调整和产业梯度转移提供有力支撑。研究结论:将工业土地集约利用水平作为产业结构调整的重要参考依据,能够实现产业的优化调整与布局,有利于发挥地区产业比较优势,促进江苏生态大省的建设,集约利用土地资源,实现经济全面、协调和可持续发展。     

江苏省城乡建设用地经济密度的时空格局演变研究

研究目的:分析江苏省2005—2015年间城乡建设用地经济密度的时空格局及动态演变特征,为提升城乡建设用地集约利用水平、优化用地与产业结构、改进土地利用政策等提供依据。研究方法:变异系数、泰尔指数、相对发展率和探索性空间数据分析方法(ESDA)。研究结果:(1)江苏省城乡建设用地经济密度总体呈增长态势,南北差异明显,高值点主要集中于苏锡常地区、南京市和南通市;(2)城乡建设用地经济密度空间离散程度不断下降,总体差异和区内区间差异呈现持续减小态势;(3)城市发展速度存在明显的时间阶段性与显著的空间分异特征;(4)各地级城市城乡建设用地经济密度呈现出显著的空间自相关,空间上存在明显的区域集聚特征,高值集聚主要在苏南和苏中地区,高值集聚中心由单个城市向城市连绵区方向发展,苏北地区一直表现为低值集聚。研究结论:城乡建设用地外延扩张和低效利用换取经济增长的粗放模式已无法适应发展要求,高效集约利用城乡土地才是保障经济发展的有效方式。     

基于DEA方法的江苏省开发区土地集约利用效率分析

运用数据包络分析方法(DEA),从投入产出的角度,对2006—2008年江苏省及三大区域开发区土地集约利用效率进行了分析和对比研究。结果表明:(1)开发区综合技术效率值为0,438,土地集约利用水平有不断升高的趋势,三大区域开发区土地集约利用效率存在较大差异,苏中土地集约利用效率平均水平略高于苏南,而苏北最低;(2)绝大多数的开发区仍处于规模报酬递增阶段,苏南处于规模报酬递减阶段的开发区数量占比最大,苏北处于规模报酬递增阶段的开发区数量占比最大;(3)从投入导向和产出导向来看,开发区实际值与效率目标值都有一定差距,但差距在逐渐缩小。     

长三角城市群城乡建设用地时空关联特征及其利用效益研究

研究目的:探讨长三角城市群城乡建设用地时空关联特征及其利用效益水平,为优化城乡建设用地结构、提升城乡建设用地利用效益提供依据。研究方法:双变量空间自相关模型、耦合协调度模型以及轨迹分析法。研究结果:(1)近25年来长三角城市群城乡建设用地年均增长3.92%,增长区域主要集中在浙北、苏南以及沿江地带,同时,城市建设用地与农村居民点分布存在显著空间关联并不断增强;高—高值区域主要位于苏南和环杭州湾地区,呈现"Z"型空间增长格局;低—低值区位于城市群西南山地地区。(2)1990—2015年该地区城乡建设用地利用效益稳步提升,在空间分布上由南北空间差异逐渐演化成核心—边缘空间差异格局。(3)长三角城市群城乡建设用地结构—功能耦合协调格局可划分为主导协调区、核心协调区和潜在协调区,呈现由南向北依次递减分布。研究结论:可根据区域内城乡建设用地结构—功能协调分区制定差异化调控策略以促进城乡建设用地利用效益提升。     

京津冀城市群土地经济密度时空格局演变与驱动因素分析

[目的]研究2006—2016年京津冀城市群土地经济密度的时空格局演变特征及其驱动机制。[方法]以京津冀城市群153个县区为例,运用空间自相关分析、热点分析、地理探测器等研究方法,对土地经济密度的时空演变规律及其驱动因素进行探讨。[结果](1)2006—2016年京津冀城市群县区和地市的土地经济密度及其发展速度在空间上均呈"东高西低,南高北低"格局,但随时间变化区域差异逐渐缩小;(2)Moran′s I指数由0.013 9上升至0.065 3,表明在空间上存在空间集聚状态,且随时间不断优化,区域一体化趋势逐渐增强;(3)空间集聚特征明显,热点显著区集中于北京、天津等经济优势区,并向四周梯度扩散;(4)人均GDP、当年实际使用外资额、固定资产投资额等经济类因子对土地经济密度的解释力较大,且任意两因子交互后作用力优于单项因子作用力。[结论]可为京津冀城市群土地资源的合理利用和差别化调控提供参考。     

空间一致性视角下的城市紧凑发展与土地混合利用研究 —— 以上海市为例

研究目的:直观呈现上海城市紧凑度及土地混合利用度空间发展特征,并进一步探索其空间一致性。研究方法:GIS空间分析技术、层次分析法。研究结果:(1)上海市整体紧凑度不高,形成以中心城区为核心、郊区新城为延展的"掌状"分布,"中心城区—外围"空间梯度差异显著;(2)上海市土地混合利用度较高,从中心城区向郊区缓慢递减,布局相对均衡;(3)空间一致性区域面积占比约43%,上海整体依据"紧凑度—混合度"可划分为高紧凑高混合的中心城区及郊区新城、低紧凑高混合的城市边缘区、低紧凑低混合的远郊区三大区域。研究结论:上海市已形成"中心城区—郊区新城"高紧凑高混合向心蔓延的空间格局,可通过整合城市空间形态及土地利用布局,实施多元互补的区域发展政策,推动城市空间优化和存量土地改革。     

江苏省城市土地利用集约评价及区域分异特征

研究目的:对江苏省13个市市区土地集约利用水平进行评价,分析其区域变化规律,为宏观指导城市土地资源集约利用、切实实现土地利用方式的转变提供依据。研究方法:综合指数评价法,回归分析法,聚类分析法。研究结果:(1)江苏省城市土地集约利用水平呈阶梯差异,从南向北逐步降低;(2)经济发展水平是影响土地集约利用最重要的外部因素,苏南经济发达地区集约利用水平远远高于苏北地区。研究结论:通过运用地价杠杆、规划引导、区域合作、奖惩机制等手段促进城市土地集约利用。     

西部干旱绿洲区城市土地生态风险预警及管控研究——以新疆乌鲁木齐市为例

西部干旱绿洲区是典型生态脆弱区,土地生态风险反映区域社会经济与土地利用之间关系,揭示绿洲土地利用变化与土地生态环境演变关系,有利于合理调整土地利用结构,为实现土地可持续利用、绿洲生态文明建设提供依据。整理分析2006—2015年土地、社会经济数据,从四方面构建评价指标体系,运用定量和定性相结合分析方法,分析乌鲁木齐市绿洲土地生态风险变化规律,揭示2016—2025年土地生态风险警情;研究结论:随着社会经济的发展,绿洲土地生态风险预警随之提升;最后提出相应土地生态风险管控机制:(1)统筹城乡发展,合理确定人口规模;(2)调整绿洲产业结构,提升区域经济发展机制;(3)改善绿洲生态环境,提升土地生态保护机制;(4)调整绿洲土地利用结构,提升土地基础保障机制。绿洲土地生态风险预警研究有助于对区域土地生态安全服务,为区域政府提出相关科学生态保护政策依据。     

基于随机前沿分析的中国城市土地利用效率时空分异研究

研究目的:测度并探索城市土地利用效率的时空分异,促进城市土地集约高效利用。研究方法:"一步法"随机前沿生产函数模型、核密度估计、空间自相关分析。研究结果:2009—2016年中国城市土地利用效率整体提升,但仍处于中低水平;城市土地利用效率在空间上由东向西递减,效率越低的区域其内部不均衡性越明显;城市土地利用效率空间集聚态势显著,集聚程度趋于加强;高效率均质区域集中于东部地区,并出现向中西部延伸的趋势,低—高关联类型主要分布在东、中部交界地区,高—低关联类型在空间上表现为沿交通干线的带状分布,低效率均质区域集中在中西部地区。研究结论:应注重土地利用投入产出的技术效率,通过投入要素优化和技术能力提升实现城市土地利用的报酬递增,同时要制定区域差别化的效率提升策略。     

基于变异系数TOPSIS法的咸岳九地区土地利用效益耦合度研究

通过构建土地利用效益评价指标体系、改进的TOPSIS效益测度指数与耦合协调度模型,对咸岳九地区土地利用社会经济效益与生态环境效益发展水平及耦合协调度进行分析。研究表明:(1)2001—2010年,研究区土地利用社会经济效益呈现持续增长的态势,区域差异较小,而生态环境效益则表现出在波动中稳定增长的趋势,区域差异明显;(2)整体上看,在研究时间段,研究区土地利用效益耦合度均处于拮抗阶段,波动和区域差异较小;(3)十年间,研究区土地利用效益耦合协调度稳步提高,除了九江只经历中度协调耦合和高度协调耦合2个阶段外,咸宁和岳阳均经历了低度协调耦合、中度协调耦合和高度协调耦合3个阶段,从2008年开始,三市步入高度协调耦合阶段。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.