土地复垦学课程建设与发展趋势

研究目的:分析国内外土地复垦学的提出与发展过程,研究土地复垦学课程的建设与发展趋势,为土地复垦学课程体系的发展与完善提供借鉴。研究方法:文献分析法,对比分析法,归纳法。研究结果:(1)国内外土地复垦的理论、方法与技术研究更加深入,相关文献、论著不断增多,土地复垦学发展不均衡;(2)国内外土地复垦学的研究对象不断拓展,土地复垦学课程建设在课程类型、课程性质与授课形式方面存在差异;(3)分析土地复垦学研究热点,土地复垦学课程呈现出课程领域逐步拓宽、课程体系逐渐形成的发展趋势。研究结论:土地复垦学课程建设须进一步加强土地复垦教学实践,明确土地复垦学课程定位,规范土地复垦学教材体系。     

试论土地工程学

研究目的:推进土地工程学科的发展,完善土地科学的学科体系。研究方法:理论分析法、文献检索法。研究结果:(1)土地工程学是以未利用、未合理利用、损毁的土地和退化与污染的土地作为研究对象,以增加利用土地数量、提高土地利用率与产出率、改善环境(条件)、实现人地关系的协调和可持续利用为目标;(2)土地工程学可以作为土地科学的二级学科;(3)土壤重构是土地工程学的核心理论;(4)待整治土地调查和评价、土地工程规划设计、土地工程技术与工艺等组成土地工程学的应用技术。     

土地利用学30 年发展综述 ——兼论土地利用学的二级学科可能性和中国土地利用研究的原创性

研究目的:从土地利用学的产生、定义以及土地利用和土地科学的关系入手,依据独立学科成立的标准,判断土地利用学是否具有独立学科属性,并重点对土地利用学及其各研究域进行进展梳理与展望。研究方法:文献研究,综合分析。研究结果:(1)土地利用学是围绕土地开发、利用、整治与保护展开的;(2)土地利用学已具备一些基础理论,但尚未形成其所独有的核心理论,理论体系缺乏核心理论的引导与支撑;(3)近30年以来,土地利用学已形成具有中国特色的围绕土地利用分类、调查、评价以及借鉴并发展土地利用/覆被变化等方面共同构成的研究域。研究结论:(1)土地利用学研究是贯穿土地科学发展的一条主线,土地利用学涉及土地科学方方面面的研究域及其相应理论和方法,换言之,土地科学的本质相当于土地利用学;(2)按照严格的独立学科内涵和外延判断,现阶段土地利用学的核心理论、独特研究方法体系以及研究域都不甚清晰,不太符合一个独立的二级学科存在条件;(3)从中国土地利用问题研究角度看,不少和土地利用学相关的问题领域具有极强的原创性,值得高度关注。     

再论矿区生态系统恢复重建

研究目的:基于"山水林田湖草生命共同体"的理念,剖析国土空间矿区生态系统恢复重建的目标、对象、方法、途径。研究方法:"理论方法—工程技术—试验示范—标准规程—监测监管—推广应用"互逆研究范式。研究结果:(1)从生态系统结构与功能角度,将矿区生态系统演变划分为三个阶段、四种类型、三个过程,以及不同恢复重建方案对效益的影响;(2)从技术经济角度佐证原脆弱生态系统、极度退化生态系统、不可逆转生态系统、重建生态系统正向演替与逆向演替的可能;(3)从地上光温资源、地表水土资源和地下矿产资源变化角度,将矿区生态系统演变划分为极不稳定生态系统、不稳定生态系统、低稳定生态系统、高稳定生态系统4种模式;(4)通过大量的实践,在系统诊断矿区生态系统受损特征与恢复重建的学科支撑基础上,提出并验证了矿区"地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建、景观重现、生物多样性重组与保护"的土地复垦与生态修复实现途径;(5)讨论了矿区生态恢复重建研究具有普适意义、提供中国方案的国情差异认知、学科交叉认知、规划决策认知和环境规制认知。研究结论:为国土空间矿区生态系统恢复重建提供理论依据和指导。     

西南部矿区污染耕地损毁程度等级研究

为了探索对矿区耕地损毁程度等级的评价方法体系,为其土地复垦工作提供一定的理论依据。采用Delphi法、层次分析法和模糊数学综合评价法,研究矿区污染耕地损毁程度等级评价方法。构建了污染耕地损毁程度评价指标(包括土壤重金属含量、土壤pH值、田面污染率、灌溉水质、土壤有机质和土壤微生物数量变化度6个指标)及权重系数,并建立了评价模型。并以云南省某金属矿为例,进行矿区污染耕地损毁程度等级评价,结果表明矿区耕地污染损毁程度为中度~重度,即污染耕地的损毁程度偏重,其损毁程度等级偏高,耕地污染损毁等级达到Ⅲ～Ⅳ级。本文可为矿区土地复垦方案编制、受损耕地的复垦措施及复垦方向确定等提供一定的现实指导意义。     

中国土地复垦监管现状与阶段性特征

研究目的:进一步明确土地复垦监管工作特点并分析发展趋势。研究方法:通过对现阶段土地复垦监管工作的总结,在分析国家投资体制改革、工程建设项目管理方式、矿业用地改革趋势以及复垦工程建设特点的基础上,结合目前土地复垦监管能力、政策环境及科研水平等因素进行综合分析。研究结果:总结了中国土地复垦监管工作的阶段性特点,分析了发展趋势,并提出以下观点:(1)实行信息化管理应作为目前土地复垦监管日常工作的主要内容;(2)对复垦资金施行严格管控是现阶段监管工作的重要抓手;(3)土地复垦的监管将从"管方案"和"管数据"向"组织管理"和"项目管理"转变;(4)运用信息化手段实现土地复垦监管指标体系的构建,为质量控制、工程验收和项目后评价提供技术支撑;(5)建议创新土地复垦监管体制、制度以及工程管理方式等。     

中国土地科学学科建设理论研究综述及展望

研究目的:综述土地科学学科建设理论研究成果,促进土地科学学科的成熟和完善。研究方法:文献法,比较法和归纳法。研究结果:从土地科学的研究对象、学科属性、逻辑起点、学科内涵、学科名称、学科体系、学科特点、研究范式、核心理论、支撑理论和技术、学科发展与相关学科发展的交集和关系、学科发展与社会经济发展的关系、学科发展历史和学科发展国际观点比较14个方面探讨了中国土地科学学科建设的基本理论问题。研究结论:(1)土地科学是一门以"土地利用"为逻辑起点和核心研究领域的学科;(2)土地科学是一门自然科学、社会科学和技术科学综合交叉学科;(3)土地科学的学科成熟度仍然较低,理论研究滞后于客观实际;(4)土地科学的发展可以借鉴其他学科发展的经验。     

中国土地生态学的基本问题、研究进展与发展建议

研究目的阐述中国土地生态学的某些基本问题,总结土地生态学最新研究进展,分析学科发展方向,提出发展建议,为推动土地生态学学科发展提供参考.研究方法文献检索与综合分析法.研究结果(1)土地生态学在土地科学体系中处于基础地位,并展现出良好的发展前景,与景观生态学相比,土地生态学更强调理论与实践的紧密结合.(2)中国土地生态学的研究主要集中在土地生态结构与变化、土地生态评价等领域,在土地生态规划与设计、土地生态恢复与重建、土地生态管护等应用领域研究较少.(3)土地生态学发展要进一步完善学科体系建设,加强重要基础理论研究并逐步建立土地生态管护体系.     

美国怀俄明州煤矿土地复垦监管实践及对中国的启示

研究目的:学习美国矿业第一大州怀俄明州煤矿土地复垦政策体系和监管实践经验,为中国相关领域的政策制定和监管提供参考和借鉴。研究方法:通过相关法律法规和指南的阅读、分析及对管理人员的访问,对比中美复垦监管实践之间的差异。研究结果:解析了该州的相关政策和监管体系,详细介绍了监管框架中开采许可、保证金和年报等制度的目的和内容,以及监管与审批验收的人员、程序和关键步骤,中美复垦监管制度的差异。研究结论:美国怀俄明州的煤矿土地复垦监管体系较为完善,在以下方面值得借鉴:(1)基础信息调查全面、详尽;(2)管理目标明确、验收指标具体,不仅重视行政监管,更强调技术监管;(3)以年报制度要求企业自检,全面监测复垦要素,实现复垦过程监管;(4)监管人员专业技术水平要求较高,验收过程中资料审查与实地督查并重;(5)法律法规与相关指南实时更新,对企业的指导详尽,信息透明度和公众参与度较高。     

当前土地复垦政策面临的问题及解决策略

土地复垦既是生产建设损毁土地变为可利用土地的过程,又是土地复垦相关人之间就复垦区土地利用现状分析与评价、拟损毁土地预测、土地适宜性评价、拟复垦土地利用类型与质量确定、土地复垦工程设计等的平衡过程,且结果与复垦土地质量密切相关。通过研究发现土地权利人和复垦义务人在复垦目标、复垦报告编制人、复垦义务人与政府管理人员在复垦技术、复垦义务人和地方政府在复垦管理环节均存在讨价还价行为。建立土地方案编制主体制度、土地复垦替代方案制度、复垦保证金制度和全程公众参与制度可以有效规避复垦面临的风险。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.