空间外部性与地区工资差异：基于动态面板数据的实证研究

本文基于中国282个地级行政区域1999-2004年的面板数据,通过使用动态面板数据的计量方法对地区市场潜能、就业密度与其工资水平之间的关系进行了实证检验。我们发现,在控制住其他影响因素后,市场潜能外部性对地区工资水平存在显著为正的影响,而就业密度对工资水平的影响却是非线性的,只有就业密度高于某个“门槛”值时,它对工资水平的偏效应才显著为正。     

市场潜力、就业密度与我国地区工资水平

本文基于新经济地理学理论,建立包含三个部门的地区贸易模型,推导出可估计的市场潜力方程,并以1985～2008年为样本区间,探讨市场潜力、就业密度与我国地区工资水平的关系,实证研究结果表明:市场潜力的增加对工资增长的贡献最大,人力资本的增加对工资增长的贡献也很显著,进出口总额的增加也能促进工资水平的增长,而就业密度却与工资水平呈显著的负相关关系,外商直接投资与工资水平呈弱负相关关系;市场潜力的增加对工资增长的贡献效应在西部地区高于中部地区,中部地区又高于东部地区,而人力资本的贡献效应则恰好相反;就业密度的增加对工资增长的负效应在东部地区高于中部地区,中部地区又高于西部地区。     

FDI在中国东部的工资效应

中国东部地区吸引了大量的外商直接投资，研究FDI对东部地区工资水平的影响具有重要意义。本文以我国东部各个省市作为横截面单元，利用各横截面单元1988-2005年的样本组成面板数据，进而建立动态面板数据模型来考察FDI对我国东部地区工资水平的影响。结果表明，FDI对我国东部地区工资水平的推动作用并不明显。     

集聚经济、公共基础设施与劳动生产率——来自中国城市动态面板数据的证据

文章采用2001-2007年中国城市面板数据实证检验了集聚经济、公共基础设施与城市非农劳动生产率的关系。结果表明:在控制住其他影响因素后,一个地区的就业密度和公共基础设施对其非农劳动生产率都有着显著为正的影响,但在忽略城市公共基础设施的情况下,集聚经济的估计值明显偏高了。     

不同技术密度部门工业智能化的就业效应——来自中国制造业的证据

本文通过引入智能化资本重构任务模型,刻画不同技术密度部门中工业智能化升级对就业人数变动的影响机理,利用省级面板数据检验智能化升级对高、低技术密度部门就业的净影响效应,同时结合企业面板数据验证了智能化就业效应的传导渠道.研究表明:在中国当前发展阶段的高、低技术密度部门工业智能化升级都能够显著促进就业增加,且高技术密度部门的就业增加效应要明显高于低技术密度部门;在低技术密度部门工业智能化升级能够激发其利用技术扩散,而在高技术密度部门则倾向于通过生产规模扩张渠道,促进部门内部不同规模的就业增加;智能化升级的正向就业效应在非国有控股企业和东部地区企业中最为突出.     

城市蔓延真的抑制城市创新空间集聚吗

利用我国地级市面板数据，分别基于创新效率、知识溢出、就业匹配3种机制，解析城市蔓延对城市创新空间集聚的影响效应。研究发现：城市蔓延普遍对城市创新空间集聚产生负向全局处理效应，但经过创新效率、就业匹配以及知识溢出机制的调节后，该负向效应可以得到缓解甚至扭转。当城市蔓延导致城市就业密度、基础设施或工资水平下降时，则可能加剧这种负向效应；相对其它城市，东部地区或规模较大城市的城市蔓延会对创新空间集聚发挥提升效应。     

外贸外资对我国地区工资差异的影响--基于动态面板模型的分析

本文使用1997-2008年我国(西藏除外)30个省、自治区和直辖市的面板数据,建立动态面板模型,分析外贸外资对我国地区工资差异的影响.实证结果表明,全国和东中西部地区工资均具有动态效应;全国和东部地区的外贸外资会对地区工资产生显著性影响;中部地区的外资会对地区工资产生显著性影响,而外资对该地区工资的影响不明显;西部地区的外贸外资投资对地区工资均没有产生显著性影响.长期外贸的发展可以降低全国和东部地区工资水平、提高中西部地区的工资水平.长期外资的发展可以提高全国和东中西部地区的工资水平.     

市场潜能促进了制造业女性就业吗?——基于中国工业企业数据的实证分析

文章首先构造了中国337个地级及以上城市的真实市场潜能指标,并利用2007年中国工业企业数据和工具变量法,实证分析了真实市场潜能对制造业女性就业的影响。研究发现,真实市场潜能显著促进了制造业女性就业,且考虑变量内生性问题和剔除城市自身真实市场潜能后的估计结果均十分稳健;但这种影响在不同所有制和不同行业中并不一致,真实市场潜能不利于国有和外资企业的女性就业,但显著促进了非国有内资企业和劳动密集型行业的女性就业,对资本技术密集型行业的影响并不显著。     

市场潜能与地区收入差距——基于空间视角

基于空间经济学理论,构建两类空间面板模型,理论分析并实证检验市场潜能对地区间整体及地区内城乡结构性收入差距的影响.结果表明:市场潜能对地区间整体收入水平的提高具有显著促进作用,市场潜能较高的地区将获得更强的经济发展动力,从而该地区居民收入水平也就更高;收入水平呈现空间集聚特征,不同地区之间市场潜能对收入增长的影响存在显著异质性,且这一差距在较大程度上解释了中国不同地区之间尤其是东西部之间的收入差距;市场潜能与城乡结构性收入差距之间表现出先缩小后扩大的U型影响,其拐点在7.02处,对于尚未超过该拐点的地区而言提高市场潜能仍然是改善地区内城乡结构性收入差距的重要手段.     

地区市场异质性、研发投入对企业创新绩效的影响

基于规模以上制造业企业面板数据,利用面板数据固定效应模型,分析研发投入、地区市场异质性对企业创新绩效的影响,以及地区市场异质性在研发投入影响企业创新绩效上的调节作用。结果表明,研发投入对企业创新绩效有显著正向影响,地区市场规模对企业创新绩效有显著负向影响,地区市场竞争程度对企业创新绩效也有显著负向影响;地区市场规模在研发投入对创新绩效的影响关系上有显著负向调节作用,地区市场竞争程度也有显著负向调节作用。     

Spatial externalities and regional income inequality: Evidence from China’s prefecture-level data

Based on panel data of 282 prefectures in China from 1999 to 2004; we explore the relationship between market potential, employment density and per capita GDP by using a dynamic panel data approach. It is found that the externalities arising from market potential and employment density have a positive and significant effect on local income. Moreover, both absolute and standardized elasticity of market potential externalities are pronounced, which suggests that market potential has a greater impact on regional disparity.     

The productivity-wage and productivity-employment nexus: a panel data analysis of Indian manufacturing

This article investigates the long-run relationship between labour productivity and employment, and between labour productivity and real wages in the case of the Indian manufacturing sector. The panel data set consists of 17 two-digit manufacturing industries for the period 1973–1974 to 1999–2001. We find that productivity-wages and productivity-employment are panel cointegrated for all industries. We find that both employment and real wages exert a positive effect on labour productivity. We argue that flexible labour market has a significant influence on manufacturing productivity, employment and real wages in the case of Indian manufacturing.     

市场潜力、经济集聚与地区间工资差异

基于劳动力、产业在地区间分布的不平衡性以及地区间工资差异的事实,本文构建了一个市场潜力与工资的新经济地理学(NEG)理论模型。理论分析表明:市场潜力对工资产生正面影响。市场潜力对工资产生正面影响来自两种渠道:一是市场潜力引发了经济集聚效应;二是市场潜力产生了逆经济集聚。相比之下,市场潜力引发了经济集聚效应更能提高和扩大地区工资水平与差异,因为经济集聚需要更低的贸易成本、较大的市场规模以及较高的经济发展水平。     

CRIME AND LOCAL LABOR MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOW‐SKILLED WORKERS: EVIDENCE USING JAPANESE PREFECTURAL PANEL DATA

This paper examines the link between crime and labor market opportunities in Japan. To consider this link, we estimate the crime supply function first introduced by Becker using panel data for Japanese prefectures. The main empirical results are as follows. First, we expect that increasing the number of police will reduce crime, regardless of its type (i.e. whether referring to total crime, violent crime or larceny). Second, crime rates are generally lower in prefectures where a low‐skilled individual can find a job more easily. Third, the effects of wages for low‐skilled workers on crime, especially larceny, are significantly negative, whereas average wages in a prefecture do not appear to affect crime. Fourth, the prefectures with lower educational standards are expected to suffer more crime than other prefectures. Finally, prefectures with higher Gini coefficients on schooling years are also expected to suffer more crime than other prefectures.     

Active labour market programmes and reservation wages: it is a hazard

This article uses a randomized controlled trial to show that positive earnings effects of a labour market programme can be caused by either a faster return to employment together with a lowering of reservation wages or a more moderate return to employment together with an increase in reservation wages. I model wages and unemployment duration simultaneously in a hazard framework allowing for unobserved heterogeneity.     

The heterogeneous regional effects of minimum wages in Poland

We evaluate the impact of large minimum wage hikes on employment and wage growth in Poland between 2004 and 2018. We estimate panel data models utilizing the considerable variation in wage levels, and in minimum wage bites, across 73 Polish NUTS 3 regions. We find that minimum wage hikes had a significant positive effect on wage growth and a significant negative effect on employment growth only in regions of Poland that were in the first tercile of the regional wage distribution in 2007. These effects were moderate in size, and appear to be more relevant for wages. Specifically, if the ratio of minimum wage to average wage had remained constant after 2007, by 2018, the average wages in these regions would have been 3.2% lower, while employment would have been 1.2% higher. In the remaining two-thirds of Polish regions, we find no significant effects of minimum wage hikes on average wages or on employment.     

‘CHOOSE TO BE OPTIMISTIC,IT FEELS BETTER?’ EVIDENCE OF OPTIMISM ON EMPLOYMENT UTILITY

Individual's expected wages exceed predicted market wages. Rational expectations imply the divergence should be zero. If individuals over‐estimate the return from their attributes and view the paid‐employment return distribution too favourably, then conditional on market wages, subsequent employment utility is likely to be low through disappointment.     

Market Size and Economic Integration when Labor Markets are Unionized

The paper explores the effects of economic integration on trade, wages, and welfare when market sizes differ. A duopoly model with two‐way intraindustry trade in similar products and with unionized labor markets is employed. It is confirmed that, for a wide range of different relative market sizes, integration leads to higher wages, employment, and welfare. However, where market sizes differ widely, the reduction of trade barriers leads to a reduction of wages, employment, and—in some circumstances—welfare in the country with the large market.     

What are the determinants of hiring? The importance of product market demand and search frictions

In this article, we study the importance of product market demand and search frictions for hiring. We use a search-matching model with imperfect competition in the product market to derive an equation for total hiring in a local labour market, and estimate it on Swedish panel data. If product markets are imperfectly competitive, product demand shocks should have a direct effect on employment for given levels of prices and wages. Our main finding is that product demand has such a direct effect on hiring. This highlights the importance of taking imperfect competition in the product market into account in studies of employment dynamics and hiring. We also find that, for given levels of prices, wages, and product demand, the number of unemployed workers in a local labour market has a positive effect on hiring, suggesting that search frictions matter. Quantitatively, product demand shocks seem to be more important for understanding the variation in hiring than shocks to the number of unemployed workers.     

Reservation wages, market wages and unemployment: Analysis of individual level panel data

Using individual level panel data, we analyse the divergence between the reservation wages of individuals who are out of work and their predicted market wages, focusing upon identifying the factors that influence the potential divergence. In addition, using propensity score matching techniques, we explore the implications of such divergences for future employment and wages. Our findings suggest that having reservation wages that are high relative to the predicted market wage influence both future employment and future wages.