西部地区农户收入水平对农村能源消费的影响分析

西部地区农村人口众多,农村能源建设是西部地区可持续发展的一个重要条件,而沼气建设是西部农村能源建设的重点。文章在介绍西部地区农村能源概况的基础上,对农户收入水平对沼气消费的影响进行理论、实证分析,得出农户人均纯收入水平对农村人均沼气消费量的影响是非线性关系的结论,提出针对不同收入水平的农户采取相应的措施来解决农村能源短缺,促进生态农业良性发展。     

云南山区农户发展沼气的行为分析

本文从农户发展沼气的行为角度出发,分析山区农户发展沼气较慢的原因,认为山区农户发展沼气积极性不高主要是山区农户使用农村能源有明显的外部性存在,从而从理论上提出解决此问题的对策.一是在薪材的砍伐上要制定严格的砍伐标准和颁发砍伐许可证,增大农户使用薪材作为农村能源的成本;二是要制定相应的政策,使山区农户利用薪材的外部性内生化,从而改变山区农户发展能源的传统行为;三是山区农户发展沼气,政府要把它作为一项可保护生态环境的公共物品的战略高度来对待,政府要加大投资力度.     

云南山区农户发展沼气的行为分析

本文从农户发展沼气的行为角度出发,分析山区农户发展沼气较慢的原因,认为山区农户发展沼气积极性不高主要是山区农户使用农村能源有明显的外部性存在,从而从理论上提出解决此问题的对策。一是在薪材的砍伐上要制定严格的砍伐标准和颁发砍伐许可证,增大农户使用薪材作为农村能源的成本;二是要制定相应的政策,使山区农户利用薪材的外部性内生化,从而改变山区农户发展能源的传统行为;三是山区农户发展沼气,政府要把它作为一项可保护生态环境的公共物品的战略高度来对待,政府要加大投资力度。     

基于清洁发展机制（CDM）项目背景下的西部农村沼气建设

清洁发展机制为我国西部地区大力发展沼气带来了契机。文章简要介绍了CDM的相关内容,分析了CDM项目在西部农村的利用前景和存在的问题,对如何实施CDM项目建设农村沼气工程提出了一些建议和解决方案。     

我国西部大开发的金融对策研究

实施西部大开发的战略,这是关系到我国现代化建设第三步战略目标能否实现的重大战略,金融是现代经济的核心,在西部大开发中有着重要的作用,金融部门要积极探索支持西部大开发战略的金融途径,推动西部地区高质量开发。     

正规金融与非正规金融合作会提高农户期望收益吗?——理论分析和实证检验

文章区分三种不同的市场结构从理论上分析了农户、正规金融机构和非正规金融机构三个主体的决策行为和期望收益,认为只有在正规金融部门与非正规金融部门共存且实现合作的市场中,农户的融资需求才能得到有效满足,农户的期望收益才能最大化。文章还利用遍布我国东、中、西部地区近10 000家农户的实地调研数据进行实证检验,为建立正规金融与非正规金融间的合作机制提供了经验证据。     

农户小额信用贷款存在的问题及对策

本文试对农村信用社在推广农户小额信用贷款过程中存在的主要问题进行深入分析,并提出今后发展的几点对策.     

农村可再生能源建设对农户的社会经济影响:以沼气生态系统为例

农村沼气是农业生物质能的一个重要组成部分.本文分析了四个省沼气生态系统发展对于农户所产生的社会经济影响,具体包括以下影响:收入水平、收入来源、缓解贫困、农产品生产和销售、能源消耗、化肥农药投入、节省的劳动力和时间、卫生和健康.本研究还比较了不同的沼气生态系统模式的优势和不足,以及对不同类型农户的适宜性.最后,本文就沼气生态系统在农村的发展提供了建议和对策.     

西部地区农户融资偏好的灰靶决策分析——基于陕西省334个样本农户的调查

在对陕西省样本农户融资情况调查的基础上,我们研究发现,农户资金借贷行为比较普遍,借贷动机偏好是生产性支出;农户资金积累能力较弱,在资金投入量较大的项目上对借贷资金依赖度较高;正规金融机构贷款获批率高,但单户授信额度较小。同时,利用灰靶决策模型对西部地区农户融资路径偏好进行分析,结果表明,新型农村金融机构与农村信用合作社是农户融资的主要渠道,农户融资路径偏好顺序依次是新型农村金融机构、传统金融机构和其他融资渠道。建议针对农户融资现实偏好特点完善农村金融服务体系,挖掘农村金融市场潜力,以促进西部欠发达地区的农村经济发展。     

知识经济与西部大开发

当今，以知识创新和高新技术产业化为核心的知识经济的兴起，对世界各国提出了严峻的挑战，同时也带来了难得的发展机遇。我国西部地区的开发也面临着知识经济的挑战和机遇。西部地区的经济发展一旦和知识经济结合起来，起点就会更高，发展速度就会更快。因此，必须从西部地区实际出发，量力而行，发展知识经济。 　　一、西部地区面临的机遇与挑战 　　知识经济的兴起对我国的挑战和带来的机遇，从区域发展的角度看是不平衡的。我国东部地区自改革开放以来，凭借自身良好的经济基础、优越的地理位置和享受种种优惠政策，成为中国经济腾飞…     

Does urbanization reduce rural poverty? Evidence from Vietnam

This paper uses data from household surveys to contribute to the urbanization-poverty nexus literature by assessing the effect of urbanization on income, expenditure, and poverty in rural households in Vietnam. We find that the urbanization process stimulates the transition from farm to non-farm activities in rural areas. More specifically, urbanization tends to reduce farm income and increase wages and non-farm income in rural households. This suggests that total income and consumption expenditure of rural households are more likely to increase with urbanization. Finally, we find also that urbanization helps decrease the expenditure poverty rate of rural households, albeit by a small magnitude.     

Variations in farm consumption and their relationship to income: an empirical investigation of Illinois farm households

Empirical tests of household consumption have yielded mixed results regarding the validity of the life cycle/permanent income (LCPI) hypothesis. A significant problem with such studies is the difficulty in finding sufficient micro-level data on household expenditures. By using the recent rich quantity of such data in the Farm Business Farm Management (FBFM) data for Illinois farms from 1995 to 2009, the study reported here for farm households should provide more consistent results regarding the LCPI hypothesis. Applying an empirical model based on the LCPI hypothesis, this article identifies the determinants of farm consumption and the relationship to income. This study provides evidence that current income changes are not significant in explaining the consumption changes of farm households, thus supporting the LCPI hypothesis for farm households.     

Consumption,habit formation,and savings: Evidence from a rural household panel survey

Protecting consumption from the effects of uninsured risk is vital for rural farming households, who tend to be poor and live close to subsistence level. Income uncertainty and habit formation play important roles in the consumption and savings. Variability in weather conditions has a strong linkage with variability in agricultural income in developing countries. This study analyzes consumption and saving decisions of rural farm households in India. Using household panel data for 4 years, we estimated consumption equation accounting for habit formation under income uncertainty. Our findings suggest an evidence for habit formation among rural households. Additionally, we found that both annual and seasonal weather risks significantly influence savings among rural households. Findings from this study also suggest a robust and vibrant farm economy and that the nonfarm economy could contribute to the economic well‐being of rural farming households.     

Does women’s participation in agricultural technology adoption decisions affect the adoption of climate‐smart agriculture? Insights from Indo‐Gangetic Plains of India

Increased participation of women in the agricultural technology adoption decision by farm households is one of the key indicators of gender empowerment in the agricultural sector. This study examines whether women’s participation in the household decision to adopt agricultural technology affects the adoption of climate‐smart agriculture (CSA), using data collected from 1,267 farm households from two Indian states of Bihar and Haryana. When we considered the sex of the household head (using a dummy variable for male‐headed vs female‐headed household) as a basis of analyzing the role of gender in the adoption of CSA, we found that women in Haryana had no role in the adoption of CSA. On the contrary, when we considered women’s participation in technology adoption decisions as a basis of gender analysis, we found that women’s participation in technology adoption decisions in Haryana is much higher as compared to Bihar. Consequently, the likelihood to adopt CSA is higher in Haryana than in Bihar. We also found that wealth, training, and access to extension and market positively influenced CSA adoption. Qualitative analysis shows that women farmers prioritize family food security rather than farm income, and therefore, they are more likely to focus on CSA to ensure food security.     

农村居民点用地变化驱动机制——基于湖北省孝南区农户调查的研究

以地处江汉平原的孝南区为研究区域,利用对农户的问卷调查资料,采用回归分析方法,对农村居民点用地变化驱动机制进行研究。得到如下结论:①显著影响农户是否新辟地基建房的因素包括:家庭规模、家庭收入/信贷水平、对子女教育的支出、攀比心理等因素;②农户新辟地基建房面积的大小受到家庭规模、非农就业人口比例、家庭收入/信贷水平、对子女教育的支出、消费的攀比心理等因素的影响。     

Investing back homeReturn migration and business ownership in Albania1

This study uses data from the 2005 Albania Living Standards Measurement Study survey to assess the impact of past migration experience of Albanian households on non‐farm business ownership through instrumental variables regression techniques. Considering the differences in earning potentials and opportunities for skill acquisition in different destination countries, we differentiate the impact of past household migration experience by main migrant destinations. The study also explores the heterogeneity of impact based on the timing of migration. The empirical results indicate that past household migration experience exerts a positive impact on the probability of owning a non‐farm business. While one additional year in Greece increases the probability of household business ownership by roughly 6 percent, a similar experience in Italy or farther destinations raises the probability by over 25 percent. Although past household migration experience for the period of 1990–2000 is positively associated with the likelihood of owning a household enterprise, a similar association does not exist for the period of 2001–2004.     

Rural development in the digital age: Does information and communication technology adoption contribute to credit access and income growth in rural China?

Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in rural livelihoods and household well-being. Therefore, this study examines the impact of ICT adoption on farmers' decisions to access credit and the joint effects of ICT adoption and access to credit on household income using 2016 China Labour-force Dynamics Survey data. Both recursive bivariate probit model and a selectivity-corrected ordinary least square regression model are employed for the analysis. The results show that ICT adoption increases the probability of access to credit by 12.8% in rural China and empowers rural women and farm households in relatively less-developed regions to access credit. ICT adoption and access to credit affect household income differently. ICT adoption significantly increases household income, while access to credit significantly reduces it, primarily because farmers do not use the acquired credit to invest in income-generating farm and off-farm business activities. ICT adoption has the largest positive impact on household income at the highest 90th quantile. Our findings suggest that improving rural ICT infrastructure to enhance farmers' ICT adoption and developing ICT-based financial products to enable households to access sufficient funds can improve rural household welfare.     

Rural livelihoods in Armenia

This article explores the structure of the rural economy in Armenia from a farm household perspective. Ownership of capital and access to activities are examined on the basis of data from a recent large‐scale survey of farm households in Armenia. Different measures for the outcome of livelihood strategies in terms of well‐being are observed. Income‐poor households are found to be less well endowed especially with financial and social capital. They derive smaller income shares from economic activities and more from dissaving and social payments. The findings are relevant to policies aimed at alleviating rural poverty.     

The Persistence of Income Shocks: Evidence from Rural Indonesia

This paper estimates the persistence of transient income shocks to farm households in rural Indonesia. Persistence is defined as the elasticity of a household's 1997 household per capita income with respect to its 1993 per capita income, controlling for time‐invariant characteristics of the household. Local rainfall levels are used as an exogenous source of transitory variation in 1993 income. Four main conclusions emerge. First, roughly 30% of household income shocks remain after four years. Second, the persistence of negative and positive shocks is approximately equal; if anything, positive shocks last longer. Third, neither positive nor negative income shocks disproportionately affect poor households. Finally, measurement error in income and unobserved household heterogeneity are important sources of bias. These findings cast doubt on common arguments advocating public intervention to stabilize or redistribute income, and suggest that anti‐poverty policy should address more permanent causes of household poverty.     

The demand and supply of credit for households

The demand and supply of credit in the rural credit markets is investigated in this article using household data from India. The aim is to study the effects of household, farm productive characteristics and the policy variables on the demand and supply of credit. A type 3 Tobit model is estimated which corrects for sample selection and endogeniety bias. In addition, a generalized Double Hurdle model is estimated where the information on the household's access to credit is included to estimate the demand and supply of credit. The results suggest that the size of the operational holdings, net-wealth, dependency ratio, educational level of the household and the wages and output prices are important determinants of the demand and supply of credit for farm households. The Double Hurdle model confirms that the ‘size of land owned’ plays a crucial role in whether the household has access to a loan or not.