对我国森林资源价值的初步核算

一、森林资源的现状与核算意义(一)森林资源的现状中国的森林资源在第五个五年计划清查(1977—1981年),即“五五”清查的基础上,于1984—1988年又进行了第三次清查。最新清查结果与前期(1977—1981年)比较,森林面积略有增加,森林蓄积有所减少,森林质量下降,特别是用材林中的成熟林蓄积量大幅度减     

我国非公有制林业比重加大——非公有制森林面积达到3510万公顷．占森林总面积的1／5

本报讯 第六次全国森林资源清查显示，我国非公有制林业发展迅猛。截至2003年底，我国非公有制森林面积达到3510万公顷，占森林总面积的20.32％．森林蓄积比例为6．77％。现有未成林造林地面积中，非公有制比例高达41．14％。     

保护发展森林资源 积极建设美丽中国——第八次全国森林资源清查结果公布

<正>2月25日,国务院新闻办公室举行发布会,公布第八次全国森林资源清查结果。国家林业局局长赵树丛,国家林业局副局长张建龙,国家林业局森林资源管理司司长郝燕湘,国家林业局宣传办主任、新闻发言人程红介绍了第八次全国森林资源清查结果等情况,并回答了记者提问。第八次全国森林资源清查结果显示,全国森林面积2.08亿公顷,森林覆盖率21.63%,森林蓄积151.37亿立方米。人工林面积0.69亿公顷,蓄积24.83亿立方米。与第七次森林资源清查结果相比,我国森林资源呈现四个主要特点。一     

基于吉尼系数原理的森林资源分布非均衡行性评价模型与实证研究

将西方经济学原理与中国国情、林情结合,建立了森林资源分布非均衡性评价的一般模型.实证研究发现,在第四次、第五次森林清查期间,我国森林资源的吉尼系数均大大超过世界公认的吉尼系数警戒线,已达到两极分化线,并且森林资源洛伦斯曲线有弯曲程度加大的趋势.表明在此期间虽然森林覆盖率显著提高,但森林分布不均衡特征显著恶化,部分区域生态环境仍相当脆弱.建议坚持科学发展观,将改善森林资源分布相对均衡性要求纳入我国林业战略规划.     

基于吉尼系数原理的森林资源分布非均衡性评价模型与实证研究

将西方经济学原理与中国国情、林情结合,建立了森林资源分布非均衡性评价的一般模型。实证研究发现,在第四次、第五次森林清查期间,我国森林资源的吉尼系数均大大超过世界公认的吉尼系数警戒线,已达到两极分化线,并且森林资源洛伦斯曲线有弯曲程度加大的趋势。表明在此期间虽然森林覆盖率显著提高,但森林分布不均衡特征显著恶化,部分区域生态环境仍相当脆弱。建议坚持科学发展观,将改善森林资源分布相对均衡性要求纳入我国林业战略规划。     

全国第4次森林资源清查

全国第４次森林资源清查从１９８９年至１９９３年历时５年。除台湾省仍沿用１９７７年公布的数据外，其余３０个省（区、市）的森林都进行了清查。清查表明：（１）我国森林资源总情况是，林业用地２６２８９万公顷，森林面积１３３７０万公顷，森林覆盖率１３．９２％，...     

中国森林资源第七次清查结果及其分析

在系统分析第七次(2004～2008年)全国森林资源清查总体情况的基础上,总结了此次清查的5个特点;从森林资源结构、资源数量、区域分布、资源发展变化等方面揭示了我国林业发展和生态建设的最新成果;剖析了森林资源发展中存在的问题,并提出了相应的措施。清查结果显示:全国森林面积1.95亿hm2,森林覆盖率20.36%,森林蓄积137.21亿m3;人工林保存面积0.62亿hm2,蓄积19.61亿m3,人工林面积继续保持世界首位;森林植被总碳储量78.11亿t,年生态服务功能价值10.01万亿元。     

基于EKC模型的山东省森林资源变化与人均GDP关系分析

以山东省森林资源为研究对象,以第八次全国森林资源连续清查山东省调查结果为基础,运用库兹涅茨基本模型,对山东省森林资源变化与人均GDP之间的关系进行研究,同时分析了人均GDP变化对森林资源影响的滞后性。研究结果表明:森林覆盖率和森林蓄积量与人均GDP的复相关系数均大于0.9,说明森林资源变化情况和人均GDP存在相关关系,相关性较强;森林蓄积量、森林覆盖率对人均GDP的响应均存在不同程度的滞后效应,森林覆盖率的滞后年份为2年,森林蓄积量的滞后年份为7年。该研究结果可为山东省林业政策制定提供参考依据。     

基于综合多样性指数的生物多样性安全评估及预警机制分析——以黄海近海海域为例

文章以驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应(DPSIR)模型为评价框架,构建了适合于海洋生物多样性安全评估的指标体系,并对黄海近海海域生物多样性进行了评价.评价结果显示:2006年、2007年黄海近海海域生物多样性处于不安全状态,自2008年后,综合评价指数有所上升,均大于0.4,一直保持在基本安全或临界安全水平,但海洋生物多样性总体安全水平不高.最后,根据目前我国海洋生物多样性面临的威胁及状态,建立了生物多样性安全评估的预警机制.     

也谈森林资源分布非均衡性评价——兼与霍再强同志商榷

分析了用基尼系数评价森林资源分布的几点缺陷,运用3种统计方法建立森林分布量化评价指标,对中国6次资源清查期间的森林分布变化进行了实证分析,揭示出森林覆盖率与森林分布反方向演进的规律;建议在强调森林资源数量增长的同时还应重视地域上的均衡分布,更充分地发挥森林在国家生态安全中的作用。     

北京“百万亩造林”对浅山区生物多样性的影响评价

[目的]人工造林对生物多样性恢复和城市森林功能发挥的影响深远,科学评估人工造林对生态系统恢复速度及稳定性的影响是实现生物多样性保护的基础。[方法]采用格网法获取北京浅山区276个样本单元,根据2010年、2015年和2018年土地利用类型数据,选择多样性、丰富度、均匀度和优势度4个测算指标,分别测算各期生物多样性指数及时空格局,运用OLS回归和分位点回归评价"百万亩"造林对浅山区生物多样性的影响方向和程度。[结果](1)2018年北京市浅山区林地覆盖率达到51.66%,林地面积较2015年增加了3 400hm~2,且林地二级类型间变化较大;(2)2018年北京市浅山区多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均值分别为0.432、0.544、0.504和0.276,多样性和均匀度有小幅度降低,但丰富度和优势度提升明显。(3)不同分位水平下,人工造林对浅山区生物多样性的影响方向和程度并不一致,在10%分位水平下,样本单元内林地面积的快速增加均对各项生物多样性指数有显著的促进作用,但影响程度不同。[结论]人工造林应综合考虑源地物种分布状况、造林类型和优势林种等多方面因素,才能最大程度发挥其对生物多样性的修复和保护作用。     

露水河林业局森林健康多尺度评价

作为我国森林分布的重要区域,长白山区在木材生产以及维护生态平衡中起着重要作用,承担着区域生态安全等重大责任,因而该区域的森林健康程度在很大程度上影响着其相应功能的发挥。基于露水河林业局森林资源二类调查数据和样地调查数据等,从森林小班、景观尺度构建森林健康评价指标。在森林经营小班尺度上,以现代系统科学理论为基础,从完整性、稳定性和可持续性3个方面初步构建健康评价指标,得到小班健康评价指标7个;在景观尺度上,以景观生态学理论为基础,从结构与格局、功能与过程两个方面初步构建健康评价指标,得到景观健康评价指标5个。在以上指标的基础上,分别对露水河林业局2003年、2010年的森林健康情况进行了评价和比较。结果表明:2003年与2010年,露水河林业局林分水平上处于中等健康和较不健康的最多,面积比例分别为35.32%、35.67%(2003年)和31.30%、40.26%(2010年),属于健康和不健康的小班较少,面积比分别占7.59%、7.71%(2003年)和14.98%、7.20%(2010年),两个年份相比,2010年健康林分的比例和较不健康林分的比例都有所增加。在景观尺度上,杂木林、胡桃楸林、水曲柳林、云杉林等森林景观健康情况较差,2010年与2003年相比,榆树林、樟子松林景观健康状况有了一定好转,而水曲柳林则仍然健康状况堪忧。因此,整体来看露水河林业局森林亟需进行健康经营和管理以提高健康等级。     

Identifying deforestation attractors and patterns of fragmentation for seasonally dry tropical forest in central Veracruz,Mexico

Seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) are exposed to numerous threats stemming from human activity and are considered a high conservation priority globally. Nevertheless, planning the conservation, management, and restoration of forests requires a detailed regional understanding of current forest distribution, and patterns and attractors of deforestation. We explored SDTF cover in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, where little is known about this type of forest since it was erroneously considered to have been eliminated and thus has not be included in recent conservation planning in Mexico. A time-series of land use and land cover (LULC) maps, based on Landsat imagery from 1973 (MSS), 1990 (TM), and 2000 (ETM+), was used to analyze historical patterns of deforestation and fragmentation of SDTF in a priority watershed in central Veracruz. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify the main attractors of forest loss. Maps based on higher resolution SPOT imagery (2007–2008) were used to determine the current extent of SDTF. Results from our LULC analysis revealed landscapes that were consistently dominated (>50%) by some combination of intensified land use including cattle pastures, rain-fed and irrigated agricultural lands, with closed SDTF cover fluctuating from 11.3 to 9.26% during the study period (1973–2007). Annualized rates of forest loss between Landsat images (1973 vs. 2000; −2.02%) and between Landsat and SPOT images (1973 vs. 2007; −0.59), were moderate to low, with historical records suggesting that most deforestation occurred more than a century ago before the Mexican revolution. Nevertheless, rates of forest loss varied considerable between different time periods, with slight reforestation initially (1.55%; 1973–1990), followed by a marked decline (−8.08%; 1990–2000), and finally a noticeable increases in forest cover (4.92%; 2000–2007) that corresponds with changes in public policy and trends in population migration. The number of forest patches tripled between 1973 and 2000 and the mean forest patch area decreased almost 80% over the same time period. Logistic regression analysis (1973–2000) indicated that the main attractors of closed forest transformation were proximity to gentle slopes, cattle pastures, and the hydraulic infrastructure needed for crop irrigation. Although SDTF is highly fragmented and perturbed, important remnants of this diverse native forest still persists in the region. Our findings are discussed in the context of future conservation and restoration efforts.     

中国木质林产品国际竞争力的实证分析

选取15个主要木质林产品大国(地区)2003～2007年的数据,运用国际市场占有率、贸易竞争指数、显示性比较优势指数、出口增长优势指数、出口依存度、出口贡献率、净出口7个国际竞争力评价指标,采用主成分分析法对木质林产品的国际竞争力进行比较分析,得出结论:中国排在加拿大、印尼、马来西亚、俄罗斯、德国之后;中国木质林产品对外贸易规模不断增加,在世界木质林产品贸易中的地位越来越重要。同时,提出提升竞争力的对策。     

森林环境资源定价理论与方法的研究综述

在阅读了大量文献资料的基础上,对森林环境资源价值问题的国内外研究进展、评估遵循的环境价值观、评价的理论基础、现有的评价方法及应用成果的归纳、总结和评价。     

Strengthening the effectiveness of nature reserves in representing ecosystem services: The Yangtze River Economic Belt in China

Nature reserves (NRs) are the main protected areas in China and effective measures for biodiversity conservation. Three key types of ecosystem services, including soil retention (potential soil retention-SR), carbon sequestration (net primary productivity-NPP), and biodiversity conservation (habitat quality-HQ), were applied to evaluate the effectiveness of national NRs in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt. Ecosystem services were examined from two different scales (grid, individual NR), and different NRs types in 2000–2015, by using the RUSLE, CASA, and InVEST models. The results showed that the NRs had higher ES supply capacity than the non-NRs. SR and NPP showed significant increasing trends in four types of NRs. The HQ of forest ecosystem and wild animal reserves showed an increasing trend, while the HQ of inland wetlands and wild plants reserves showed a decreasing trend. Changes in NPP, SR, and HQ presented significant spatial heterogeneity for different NR types. Comprehensive effects of NRs, dynamic monitoring and evaluation of the conservation effectiveness of NRs, optimizing the institutional system of the NRs and perfecting the property of the NRs are suggested to be strengthened. These findings can provide decision support and methodological information for the effectiveness evaluation of NRs and land use policy in other regions of China and the world.     

东北国有林区林业循环经济运行效率评价研究

基于东北国有林区循环经济发展现状,遵循指标体系构建原则,综合考虑循环经济系统中的投入产出要素,构建林业循环效率评价指标体系。以东北国有林区91个林业局和营林局数据为基础,采用数据包络分析方法中的BC2模型对东北国有林区林业循环经济运行效率进行评价研究。结果显示,东北国有林区总体的效率不高,呈规模效益递增的趋势,各投入要素存在冗余,产出要素存在不足,并且地区之间综合效率、规模报酬、投入产出状况差异较大。因此,东北国有林区要积极构建循环产业链,加大人才培养力度,提高管理水平,积极建立循环经济试点,以推动林业循环经济运行效率的提高。     

黑龙江省森林资源动态演化及加工利用水平评价研究

依据森林资源调查及清查资料的相关统计数据,动态分析了黑龙江省自建国以来森林资源面积、蓄积、结构及森林覆盖率的演化过程,并从产业结构和产业组织视角对森林资源的加工利用程度进行了评价。研究结果表明,黑龙江省森林资源整体素质在不断提高,但森林资源蓄积量较低、结构较不合理,且森林资源精深加工利用程度低,林业企业抢原料、抢市场现象严重,导致森林资源加工利用率较低。基于此,从技术、产业发展和管理层面提出了具体对策。     

“永安林业”永安经营区森林生态系统公共服务功能经济分析

运用影子价格法、市场价值法、机会成本法、替代花费法等方法,从涵养水源、保持土壤、固碳释氧、净化空气、林产品价值、保护生物多样性等6个方面对福建永安林业(集团)股份有限公司(简称"永安林业")永安经营区森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值进行评价。结果表明:"永安林业"永安经营区森林生态系统每年服务的总价值为20.953143亿元。其中涵养水源价值4.232074亿元,保持土壤价值5422.63万元,固碳释氧价值6.696 615亿元,净化空气价值4.707 154亿元,林产品价值4.654 192亿元,保护生物多样性价值1208.45万元。     

Can carbon-trading schemes help to protect China's most diverse forest ecosystems? A case study from Xishuangbanna,Yunnan

Xishuangbanna has been largely transformed from biodiverse natural forests and mixed-use farms into monoculture rubber plantations in just twenty years. This conversion has expanded into forests previously protected by the community and onto marginal sites at high-elevation. Market-based ecosystem payments, especially carbon financing, are potential tools to prevent further forest loss in China. Here, we compare rubber net present value (NPV), carbon sequestration, and seed-plant species diversity for Xishuangbanna given three land-use scenarios: Business-As-Usual (BAU), Economic Oriented Scenario (EOS) and Conservation Oriented Scenario (COS) using a previously published spatial map of rubber profitability. The EOS achieved the greatest rubber profit but caused substantial reductions in natural forest area, biodiversity and carbon stocks. The EOS also requires substantial immigration of workers into a remote and ecologically important region with little social infrastructure for basic security, food security, health-care and education, causing frequently ignored costs. As expected, the COS will maintain the highest levels of natural forest area, sequester 57% more carbon, and 71% more biodiversity than EOS. Given the conservation value of the carbon stores and rich biodiversity residing in Xishuangbanna's natural forests, reducing rubber NPV only marginally would probably cost less than attempting to recover these resources. We recommend that rubber plantations be limited to established, productive lowland areas whilst protecting intact high-elevation forest and reforesting low-productivity plantations. These actions will enhance carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. Management policies focused solely on profits, like the EOS scenario, will fail to sustain the entire range of natural resources and ecosystem services. The prices in the carbon market would have to be considerably larger than they are currently to compete with the profitability of rubber.