科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的门槛效应研究

科技人才政策与产学研合作既是国家科技创新系统的重要组成,也是地方政府提升区域创新绩效的重要政策手段。基于此,以27个省（市）2011-2018年面板数据为支撑,运用固定效应模型和门槛回归模型,检验了科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的影响。研究发现：（1）科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的影响显著为正,即科技人才政策有利于区域创新绩效的提升;（2）科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的影响存在产学研合作的门槛效应,即在产学研耦合度大于0.524时,科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的正向激励作用更加明显;（3）科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的影响存在明显的区域差异,即中东部地区科技人才政策与产学研协同政策组合效应优于西部地区。研究结论对于提高我国各省科技人才政策的精准有效设计、优化产学研协同和促进区域科技创新绩效具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

科技创新智库构建与治理机制研究

在国家全面深入实施创新驱动发展战略与推进供给侧结构性改革背景下，新型智库在国家战略决策咨询，以及政府等主体决策咨询层面的作用愈发重要。作为面向科技前沿领域与科技产业政策研究的新型智库，科技创新智库的价值意义日益凸显。基于对现实情境的回应，有必要对科技创新智库进行系统深入研究。因此，从概念、构建及治理3个维度对科技创新智库进行理论层面的剖析：首先，从概念层面给予科技创新智库较为清晰的界定；其次，从构建机理及特征等层面进行剖析，提出科技创新智库的结构构建机制与制度构建机制；最后，从治理机理及特征等层面进行分析，提出科技创新智库正式治理机制、非正式治理机制。     

China's indigenous innovation approach: the emergence of Chinese innovation theory?

Theory-driven and theory-based studies on innovation in China are relatively scarce. Most innovation studies about Chinese business are based on Chinese policy and government programmes and their results. This special issue of Technology Analysis and Strategic Management explores China's indigenous innovation strategy and suggests a research agenda that focuses on Chinese innovation theory building that incorporates China's efforts to move towards an innovation-based economy. Currently, China is developing its indigenous innovation capabilities (The Chinese term is 自主创新, pronounced zizhu chuangxin). We suggest that innovation studies of Chinese business could focus on these indigenous innovation ambitions. In addition to this, it could adopt, and be embedded in a Chinese theory of innovation instead of a traditional Western-centric theory of innovation. Our proposition is that to better understand Chinese indigenous innovation, a new paradigm of Chinese innovation should be developed. We therefore present a research agenda that can be a starting point for the development of such a theory, and present seven papers in this special issue that give content to this idea. Obviously no theory will have a monopoly on exploring Chinese innovation phenomena, but it is interesting to add a Chinese-centric view into the Western-centric scholarly view. We hope that will be one of the contributions of this special issue on innovation in China.     

科技金融政策能否降低环境污染？——基于“促进科技与金融结合试点”的准自然实验

在创新驱动城市发展的背景下,科技金融发展为生态环境治理提供了新动力和新方向。本文基于中国2003—2018年262个地级市数据,将“促进科技与金融结合试点”实施视为一次准自然实验,运用双重差分法考察了科技金融政策的环境治理效应及其影响机制。研究发现：首先,科技金融政策的实施对环境污染具有明显的抑制作用,并且与水污染相比,科技金融政策对于空气污染的治理效果更为明显;其次,从城市区位来看,科技金融政策对于东部和北部地区的环境治理效果要优于中部、西部和南部地区;从城市等级来看,科技金融政策对于高等级城市具有更为明显的治污排污效果;最后,中介效应分析表明,金融发展、技术创新和经济规模是科技金融政策改善环境的有效路径。此外,科技金融政策实施对于邻近地区的环境治理具有显著的空间溢出效果。上述分析首次尝试将环境污染纳入到科技金融政策的评估框架中,丰富和完善了环境治理的相关研究,有效地回应了学术界关于科技创新、金融发展和环境治理的争论,为推动经济高质量发展提供了经验证据。     

政策组合能否促进民参军企业协同创新——基于演化博弈的数值仿真视角

军民科技协同创新是构建军民一体化国家战略体系和能力的重要内容,营造良好的政策环境是推进军民科技协同创新的重要方式。以民参军企业、科研院所和政府为博弈主体构建三方博弈演化模型,通过系统分析政策支持对博弈主体策略选择的影响过程,利用Matlab数值仿真分析不同政策及政策组合支持对民参军企业与科研院所协同创新的影响。结果表明,政府对不同创新主体应采用不同组合政策支持,直接政策与间接政策对鼓励民参军企业开展协同创新更加有效,营造良好的创新环境有利于科研院所选择协同创新策略;政府需要采用合理的政策组合支持军民协同创新,中强度的直接与间接政策以及低强度的创新环境政策组合相较单一政策支持对民参军企业与科研院所协同创新更有效。     

“一带一路”背景下新时代科技创新理论及实践路径探究

以习近平关于科技创新重要论述为核心内容的新时代科技创新理论与“一带一路”理论之间存在科学的内在联系，具有高度的契合性。一方面，新时代科技创新理论作为当前指导我国科技创新活动的重要行动指南，对深入推进“一带一路”建设中的国际科技创新合作发挥着重要指导作用。另一方面，“一带一路”倡议是国际科技创新合作的主要平台，是构建人类科技命运共同体的桥梁。从这个意义上说，没有国际科技创新合作，便没有世界科技命运共同体目标的实现。从战略高度和长远角度看，在新时代科技创新理论指引下，中国倡导的“一带一路”科技创新合作必将成为全球基础科学联合研究、技术创新合作的重要范本和典型，中国也将为世界科技发展与革新作出更大贡献，为人类科技文明发展与进步作出具有中国特色的贡献。     

Diversity and integration of science and technology policies

This paper discusses recent conceptual approaches to technical change, based on an emerging diversity of policies and increasing “institutional specialization” and clarification of the role of the private and public incentives to support S&T. This fact is reflected in the trend in developed economies towards increasing private investment in science and technology and we argue for the need to promote public policies in modern societies fostering competence building.This broad concept has motivated the work behind the present special issue, which was launched during the 6th International Conference on Technology Policy and Innovation (ICTPI), hold in Monterey, Mexico, in the summer of 2003. Under the broad designation of “Connecting People, Ideas, and Resources across Communities” the Conference brought together a range of experts to discuss technology, policy and management in a context much influenced by a dynamic of change and a necessary balance between the creation and diffusion of knowledge. Thus, this special issue includes a set of extended and revised contributions to the Monterey conference that are largely grounded on empirical experiences of different regional and national contexts. The aim of this introductory paper is to set the stage for these contributions, with an original contribution on possible views for emerging science and technology policies.     

INNOVATION AND COMPETITION POLICY*

This paper discusses the issue of competition policy and innovation. First, a short review on the theoretical analysis of competition and innovation is provided, relying on the recent book by Aghion and Griffith (2005 ). Then, we examine how such innovation related issues as collaborative research, patent pool, merger in the technology intensive sector and bundling in the software industry are treated under Japan's Anti‐Monopoly Act. We contend that traditional competition policy framework is capable of dealing with innovation related issues but there are several points that should be kept in mind when competition policy deals with innovation related issues.     

创新演进过程导向的企业主流与新流创新政策研究

创新政策作为一种制度安排和规则设计，对加快推进企业主流与新流创新演进、提升其创新能力具有重要引导、支撑和推动作用。在探索企业主流与新流创新演进规律、构建政策作用模型的基础上，围绕主流与新流创新生成、变异、选择和协同4个时期的创新政策需求，对164家大中型科技型企业的中高层管理人员展开调查分析。结果表明：实施企业家创新激励机制、完善政府创新基金制度、设立技术创新风险监控制度、建设高端化、专业化、特色化众创空间、推行科技创新券是政府推进主流与新流创新演进，实现企业持续创新发展急需且有效的政策手段。据此，提出相应的政策建议。     

Robots, genes and bytes: technology development and social changes towards the year 2020

Scientific and technological policy has become a key activity in contemporary societies. In this context we present different projections about the evolution of science and technology in the area of robotics and advanced automation, which in turn shapes the new possibilities and risks emerging in this area in the future. This goes hand-in-hand with an analysis of the interaction of such trajectories with the social context from which they emanate. This interaction reinforces the need for establishing the probable sequence of technological innovation; analysing the impacts on economy and society; and providing qualified information for decision-making, both in policy and business. In this article, we present the results of the prospective research carried out in the field of robotics and advanced automation, paying special attention to the transformation trends of organizations, and the integration of robots in daily life and leisure, and underscoring potential repercussions which may deserve more attention and further research.     

科技创新政策供需匹配模型构建及实证研究

科技创新政策供给成为促进创新活动开展的关键动因。匹配度检测与评估是科技创新政策管理的保障措施,是基于证据的科技创新政策调整依据。运用供需匹配理论,引入政策供需主体共同作用对象——科技创新政策,构建科技创新政策供需匹配架构。以2014年9月至2017年7月中共中央国务院、发改委、商务部、财务部、科技部发布的82份科技创新政策文件,以及采用问卷调查法对科研院所、高等院校、企业管理人员的调研结果为依托,实证研究中国科技创新政策供需错位问题。结果表明：在供需匹配理论模型中引入调节变量——科技创新政策,可以研究科技创新政策供需匹配状况;在供给导向性政策和环境导向性政策方面,科研院所、企业与政策供给主体的匹配度相对较低。     

科技创新能力与区域经济实力差异的实证研究

从新经济增长理论的视角将经济增长、科技创新整合为一个理论分析框架进行实证研究，结果表明：区域经济非均衡增长在很大程度上依赖于科技进步、科技知识生产、交换和运用(消费)情况。凡是科技创新能力较强的省区，大多都是经济实力较强的省区，多是东部省区；而科技创新能力较弱的省区，同时也是经济实力比较弱的省区，多属于西部省区。因此，实施西部大开发战略，其中一个重要方面就是实施西部科技创新战略，提高西部科技创新能力。     

城市科技创新人才政策扩散动力因素时空差异研究

科技创新人才是城市提升创新能力的核心资源,是科技进步的关键要素。科技创新人才政策作为城市争夺人才的工具,被各个城市广泛采纳和使用。以161个城市为研究对象,运用事件史分析方法,探寻城市科技创新人才政策扩散的动力因素并进行时空差异分析。研究发现,城市科技创新人才政策扩散具有双重动力因素：在需求拉动因素中,经济发展水平和财政收入是影响城市科技创新人才政策扩散的主要因素;在压力推动因素中,行政指令、府际竞争和社会舆论显著影响城市科技创新人才政策扩散;在政策扩散平稳增长期,双重动力因素共同作用于政策扩散过程,而在政策扩散加速和减速增长期,城市科技创新人才政策扩散动力因素存在差异;在东、中部地区,压力推动因素占据主导,而在西部地区,双重动力因素都发挥重要作用。     

Infrastructures, incentives, and institutions: Fostering distributed knowledge bases for the learning society

While much attention has been devoted to information and communication technologies, a more fundamental change at the start of the new millennium is the increasing importance of innovation for economic prosperity and the emergence of a learning society. The analysis in this paper shows that innovation should be understood as a broad social and economic activity: it should transcend any specific technology, even if revolutionary, and should be tied to attitudes and behaviors oriented towards the exploitation of change by adding value.We build on the idea of inclusive learning, which entails a process of shared prosperity across the globe following local specific conditions, and argue that it is crucial to understand the features of knowledge-induced growth in rich countries, as well as the challenges and opportunities for late-industrialized and less-developed countries. To achieve these objectives, we emphasize the relative importance of infrastructures and incentives, but considering the increasingly important role of institutions towards the development of social capital. This is because learning societies will increasingly rely on “distributed knowledge bases” as a systematically coherent set of knowledge maintained across an economically and/or socially integrated set of agents and institutions.This broad concept has motivated the work behind the present paper, which builds on material presented at the 5th International Conference on Technology Policy and Innovation (ICTPI), which was held in Delft, The Netherlands, in June of 2001. Under the broad designation of “critical infrastructures,” the Conference brought together a range of experts to discuss technology, policy and management in a context much influenced by the dynamics of the process of knowledge accumulation, which drives learning societies. Thus, this special issue includes a set of extended contributions to the Delft conference, and the aim of this introductory paper is to set the stage for these contributions, with an original contribution on possible views on the role critical infrastructures play to foster innovation in the learning society.     

大数据背景下网络众包驱动科技创新的机理及路径研究

增强科技创新能力是建设创新型国家、提高综合国力的关键,大数据时代的到来为科技创新领域带来了前所未有的机遇与挑战,网络众包这一新型创新模式应时而兴。紧紧把握时代发展主题,发现并描述大数据环境下科技创新的新变化、新要求、新问题,从动力源、集聚效应、协同效应和规模效应等方面探讨了网络众包驱动科技创新的机理,并创新性地提出了网络众包模式下的科技创新实现路径,以期为推动我国科技创新提供新思路。     

Firm innovation persistence: a fresh look at the frameworks of analysis

This paper introduces the special issue on innovation persistence. It delineates three complementary theoretical frameworks assessing drivers and implications of innovation persistence: ‘knowledge accumulation’ approach, the ‘success-breeds-success’ hypothesis and the concept of sunk costs in R&D activities. It emphasizes how path dependence could be related to innovation persistence. It provides an extensive overview of the main empirical findings of recent papers and suggests a new research agenda about firms’ dynamic capabilities and innovation persistence. Finally it highlights a set of issues that deserve further investigation in the future. The contributions to this issue are set out as well.     

农业科技园技术扩散的实证研究——以杨凌示范区为例

农业科技园是我国农业技术创新的重要源头和崭新模式,园区不仅要解决自身发展问题,还肩负着技术扩散和推广的使命.选取国家级杨凌农业高新技术产业示范区为技术创新和扩散源,我国中西部干旱半干旱农区为技术创新扩散区域,在系统调查园区内农业技术创新成果采用情况的基础上,从时间维和空间维角度对园区农业技术扩散轨迹进行实证分析,以期揭示农业技术扩散的时空规律,为政府制定合理的农业技术推广政策提供理论和实践依据.     

创新科技政策时滞效应研究

创新科技政策传导过程存在时滞效应是一个不容回避的重要问题。通过整理2009-2016年相关数据并采用脉冲响应函数和方差分析法对创新科技政策（人才激励、研发补贴、税收优惠、政府采购、服务外包）效应外部时滞进行分析。研究结果表明：创新科技政策的时滞导致政策效果无法得到充分、及时的发挥。不同的创新科技政策工具会产生不同的政策效果时滞期。政策外部效应时滞发生于企业判断政策—确认政策—吸收政策—执行政策—创新产出这一过程之中。     

国防科技工业协同创新人才培养模式研究

随着军民融合深度发展的不断推进,国防科技工业协同创新成为国防科技军民融合发展的必然趋势。构建适应国防科技工业协同创新的人才培养模式,既是先进国防科技工业建设的重点任务,也是推进国防科技工业协同创新的重要保证。当前,我国国防科技工业人才培养在教育教学体系、学科专业体系、产学研用对接机制和资源共享机制等方面还存在很多问题。必须把培养一大批国防科技创新人才摆在国防科技工业发展的战略位置,构建以国防科工教育教学体系、国防特色学科体系和协同创新科研支撑体系为基础的创新人才培养体系,完善顶层设计、激励机制、评估体系及配套措施,全面提升人才培养质量效益,为推动国防科技工业创新发展提供持续的人才支撑。     

R&D补贴与商前采购:互补还是互替——创新政策过程视角的比较研究

科技创新体系绩效不仅取决于单项政策效果，更取决于政策间的组合效应。运用两组案例，从政策过程视角对R&D补贴与商前采购（PCP）的项目筛选机制和项目管理机制进行比较分析，结果表明，PCP与R&D补贴同时存在互补和互替关系。作为一种新兴创新政策工具，PCP不仅同样具备缓解研发融资约束的功能，还存在两个方面的潜在优势：一是有利于采购方发挥需求信息和应用环境信息方面的优势；二是在政策执行机制上更加精准，特别适用于实现“点的突破”。积极引入新工具扩充创新政策“工具箱”，在认清工具属性基础上，发挥各种工具的独特优势，对优化创新政策组合设计，提升科技创新体系绩效具有重要价值。