Expectations Hypothesis and Term Structure of Interest Rates: An Evidence from Emerging Market

The integration of emerging economies with developed economies has changed the behaviour of interest rates and exchange rate fluctuation. The current study tries to analyse the implication of expectation hypothesis (EH) and term structures of interest rates between India and US. Using vector auto regressive estimates, the study tries to test the dynamic interdependence of interest rates on exchange rate fluctuation. Further, the study estimates Granger causality tests and Impulse Response Functions to test the behaviour of interest rate movements for a period of nineteen years ranging from June 1996 to June 2015.The empirical results of the study show evidence in line with the existence of EH in the case of emerging market. Nevertheless, in the case of advanced economies we do not find any evidence for EH. The findings revealed that the spread between long and short rate of India is influenced by short-term interest rates and past values of Indian spread. This implies that the fluctuations in the long rate over the short rate evidenced the strong presence of EH as far as emerging economy is concerned.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Indian market, which tests the role of EH in interest rate fluctuations along with exchange rate. Since majority of the studies on term structure of interest rates focus on developed markets, the present study is an attempt to test the causal relationship between developed and developing economies.     

利率市场化背景下的利率衍生产品发展策略

利率市场化是相对于利率管制而言,是指政府部分或完全放弃对利率的管制,使利率由市场的资金供求关系决定,按价值规律自发调节,包括利率决定、利率传导、利率结构和利率管理的市场化,核心内容是利率形成机制的市场化。     

人民币对美元利率平价分析

引入外汇价格和存贷利率因素,把利率平价模型变得更贴近经济运行的实际情况,由此计算出在抛补利率平价模型下隐含的美元利率。运用此理论对中国实证发现,隐含美元利率和现实美元利率之间存在很大利差。各微观金融交易主体几乎没有利率自主权以及资本项目不可自由兑换是存在套利空间的主要原因。要消除美元套利空间,首先要掌握人民币外汇远期定价权;其次,要逐步开放资本项目,实现人民币的自由浮动和国际化;最后要完善汇率体制改革和加强国际间的协调。     

The Stochastic Volatility of Short-Term Interest Rates: Some International Evidence

This paper estimates a stochastic volatility model of short-term riskless interest rate dynamics. Estimated interest rate dynamics are broadly similar across a number of countries and reliable evidence of stochastic volatility is found throughout. In contrast to stock returns, interest rate volatility exhibits faster mean-reverting behavior and innovations in interest rate volatility are negligibly correlated with innovations in interest rates. The less persistent behavior of interest rate volatility reflects the fact that interest rate dynamics are impacted by transient economic shocks such as central bank announcements and other macroeconomic news.     

Expectations of Exchange Rates and Differential Inflation Rates: Further Evidence on Purchasing Power Parity in Efficient Markets

The paper tests the null hypothesis of ex ante purchasing power parity. The empirical evidence obtained is inconsistent with the null for major industrialized countries over the current floating exchange rate regime. Expected nominal exchange rate changes appear to deviate systematically from expected inflation rate differentials over the same holding period even though real exchange rate changes appear to be serially uncorrelated. This supports the presence of time-varying risk premia in foreign exchange markets and real determinants of exchange rate movements as suggested by equilibrium theories of international asset markets.     

Unspanned Stochastic Volatility: Evidence from Hedging Interest Rate Derivatives

Most existing dynamic term structure models assume that interest rate derivatives are redundant securities and can be perfectly hedged using solely bonds. We find that the quadratic term structure models have serious difficulties in hedging caps and cap straddles, even though they capture bond yields well. Furthermore, at‐the‐money straddle hedging errors are highly correlated with cap‐implied volatilities and can explain a large fraction of hedging errors of all caps and straddles across moneyness and maturities. Our results strongly suggest the existence of systematic unspanned factors related to stochastic volatility in interest rate derivatives markets.     

Implications of Social Security Reform on Interest Rates: Theory and Evidence

This article investigates the potential effect that Social Security reform may have on bond and equity returns. We specifically focus on the effect of proposals to shift a portion of the investment of the U.S. Social Security Trust Fund to the equities market. Models are developed to demonstrate the relationship between returns and both the relative size of the Social Security Trust Fund and the portfolio allocation of the Trust Fund. Using these two models, we then show that interest rates will increase from either a decrease in the size of the Social Security Trust Fund or a shifting in the investment mix from bonds to equities. We derive an adjustment factor that relates the magnitude of change in interest rates from either source and use this adjustment factor in conjunction with estimates of the relationship between government debt and interest rates to forecast the potential effect on interest rates from shifting part of the Trust Fund to the equity market. The estimates herein suggest that investing some of the Social Security funds in equities is not a painless cure‐all for the Social Security system and may even have some adverse effects in terms of income transfers from American taxpayers to foreign bondholders.     

利率市场化及商业银行利率风险管理

利率是影响商业银行经营管理的重要因素，随着我国利率市场化进程的加快，将对商业银行的经营产生巨大冲击，我国商业银行利率风险管理的现状如何，应采取哪些措施积极应对，是本探讨的主要问题。     

中国金融市场通胀预期——基于利率期限结构的量度

通胀预期量度在以通胀预期为导向的货币政策中的意义重大。本文利用卡尔曼滤波法将离散时间两因子无套利广义高斯仿射模型运用于我国银行间债券市场,第一次从中国国债收益率曲线中分解出金融市场的中长期通胀预期L。将L与居民通胀预期和经济学家通胀预期比较,发现从事前看,L优于经济学家通胀预期,稍逊于居民通胀预期;从事后看,L优于居民通胀预期,稍逊于经济学家通胀预期。综合看,L作为金融市场形成的、高频的、反映中长期通胀的预期指数,对货币政策制定具有现实的参考意义。     

Interest Rates and Exchange Rate Movements: Analyzing Short-term Investments in Long-term Bonds

Tests of the uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) are subject to various data problems when long-term interest rates are applied: due to the long investment period, time intervals for measuring exchange rate movements are usually overlapping and therefore not independent. This shortfall can be prevented by considering short-term investments in long-term bonds instead of investments to maturity. This article analyzes the explanatory power of long-term interest rates with regard to 1- and 3-month exchange rate movements by relating return differences from 1- and 3-month investments in domestic and foreign 10-year government bonds to nine different exchange rates. From a Swiss perspective, there is only weak support for an interrelation between return differences and the corresponding exchange rate movements, whereas from a US perspective, the resulting estimates are much more in line with UIP.The reader may for instance consider Engel (1996) and Froot and Thaler (1990).     

Interest Rates and Stock Prices: Evidence from Central and Eastern European Markets

We provide empirical evidence regarding the responses of Central and Eastern European capital markets to monetary policy via domestic and international short-term interest rate shocks. The analysis is conducted using a four-variable structural vector error correction model identified by means of permanent-transitory restrictions. The results indicate a noticeable effect of the international interest rate on stock market indexes in the cases of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Since no monetary policy autonomy exists in Bulgaria, Latvia, and Lithuania, we find support only for the inverse relationship between foreign interest rate and stock index prices.     

Interest Rate Risk and the Forward Premium Anomaly in Foreign Exchange Markets

This paper shows that even adjusted for the time-varying risk premiums implied by the yield curves across countries, uncovered interest parity is still strongly rejected by the data. Moreover, factors that predict the excess bond returns are found not significant at all in predicting the foreign exchange returns. These results reject the joint restrictions on the exchange rate and interest rates imposed by dynamic term-structure models, suggesting that foreign exchange markets and bond markets may not be fully integrated and we have to look beyond interest rate risk in order to understand the exchange rate anomaly.     

我国利率市场化过程中的均衡利率形成问题探讨

当前我国利率市场化改革、尤其是最为关键的存贷款利率市场化改革进程明显加快,而解读我国放松利率管制、逐步推动利率市场化的改革历程,可以发现其经济学实质是通过不断地实现具体金融产品定价的局部均衡来推动整体金融市场利率的一般均衡.本文以商业银行为研究对象,分析其资产和负债业务利率定价均衡化的发展路径,指出货币市场利率是存贷款产品利率定价的核心参照指标,进而提出商业银行应对利率市场化的政策框架.     

Stock Returns Under High Inflation and Interest Rates: Evidence from the Brazilian Market

We analyze the relationship of high inflation and interest rates with stock returns in Brazil from May 1986 to May 2011, during which Brazil experienced subperiods of both high inflation (May 1986-June 1994) and relative monetary stability (July 1994-May 2011). The result in the total period is dominated by high inflation volatility, and the findings suggest a bidirectional relationship between stock returns and inflation. During the high-inflation subperiod, interest rates are relevant to explain future changes in inflation and stock returns. Under low inflation, movements in interest rates are better anticipated by equity investors, suggesting higher market efficiency than in high-inflation circumstances.     

从非对称降息看利率市场化对商业银行的挑战

非对称降息对进一步推进利率市场化进程有着重要意义,而利率市场化给商业银行带来了全方位的挑战.本文针对2014年11月22日央行非对称降息的举措,指出了其对利率市场化的推进作用,分析了商业银行在利率市场化进程中面临的挑战,提出了商业银行应对利率市场化的对策.     

利率市场化改革与关键政策利率的选择——基于国际经验及两区制阈值误差修正模型的分析

随着我国从制度层面实现利率市场化,政策利率对市场利率的引导作用逐步提高,但利率传导仍具有"双轨制"特征,在一定程度上影响了货币政策调控转型的效率。如何从现有的多个政策利率中,选择一个合适的关键政策利率,直接关系到当前货币政策调控转型的效率。基于国际经验和我国国情,本文选取7天和14天期央行逆回购利率作为关键政策利率,并运用两区制阈值误差修正模型实证检验了两种期限的关键政策利率对隔夜市场基准利率的可控性。结果表明:两种期限的关键政策利率分别与市场基准利率之间存在阈值效应,但7天期逆回购利率作为关键政策利率的引导效果更好;当偏离均衡水平时,由市场基准利率承担调整,隔夜市场基准利率在正常区制中的调整时间约为19周,而在非正常区制中仅需2周。未来,我国应尽快明确将7天期逆回购利率作为我国的关键政策利率。为此,可先将存贷款基准利率等多个政策利率与关键政策利率挂钩,待时机成熟时再合并为统一的关键政策利率,实现政策利率的"两轨并一轨",进而推进货币政策调控从数量型为主向价格型为主的转型。     

利率:变软的杠杆

在过去的15年中,世界经济舞台上有一个相貌平平的秃顶老头儿,他有力地撬动着利率杠杆,机智地规避了所有风险,使美国经济在长时间增长的轨道上稳定地运行,这个人就是美国联邦储备委员会主席艾伦·格林斯潘.然而今天,格林斯潘手中的杠杆仿佛正在变软--人们甚至开始质疑它的作用.