人民币汇率、成本加成率分布与我国制造业的资源配置北大核心CSSCISSCI

基于2000-2007年工业企业数据库和海关贸易数据库,本文检验了人民币汇率与我国制造业企业加成率分布之间的关系,考察了人民币汇率变动对资源配置效率的影响。研究显示:人民币实际有效汇率升值显著降低了我国制造业加成率分布的离散程度,出口汇率升值和进口汇率升值均提高了资源配置效率。异质性分析发现:(1)人民币实际有效汇率升值分别降低了新进入/退出企业(即扩展边际)和持续存在企业(即集约边际)的加成率分布的离散程度,且对前者的作用更突出;(2)人民币实际有效汇率升值对企业加成率分布的影响还依赖于企业的所有制特点和劳动密集度。最后,本文机制检验部分证实了人民币实际有效汇率升值通过改变企业的价格分布和边际成本分布两个渠道影响了加成率分布,即存在明显的价格分布效应和边际成本分布效应。     

人民币汇率双向波动对我国进口价格传递效应研究

2021年以来,受疫情等因素影响,国际大宗商品价格持续上涨,引发了国内对输入型通胀的担忧。在此背景下,研究人民币汇率对我国进口价格的传递效应具有较强现实意义。本文选取7个代表性行业数据,通过构建ARDL模型和ECM模型,研究人民币汇率双向波动对我国进口价格传递效应的非对称性和行业异质性。研究发现：第一,人民币汇率与进口价格负相关且传递效应不完全,长期传递效应大于短期传递效应。第二,人民币升值对进口价格的传递效应要小于贬值的传递效应。第三,人民币汇率对进口价格的传递效应在不同行业间存在异质性,进口商品定价权和企业的议价能力差异是造成异质性的主要原因。     

人民币汇率变化与制造业投资——来自企业层面的证据

本文计算了我国企业的出口有效汇率和进口有效汇率,从出口收益、进口成本和进口产品竞争等渠道考察了人民币汇率变化对企业投资的影响。我们发现,人民币升值通过出口收入渠道对企业的投资有负向影响,而且这种负向影响随着企业出口依存度的增大而增加;人民币升值通过进口成本渠道对企业的投资有正向影响,而且这种影响随着企业的进口依存度的增大而增加。人民币升值对在国内市场面临一个更高程度的进口产品竞争以及具有更大国内销售份额比例的企业的投资有更大程度的影响,对具有低价格成本加成的企业的投资也有更大程度的影响。     

企业生产率优势与所得税实际税率——基于企业市场势力视角的研究

本文在一个具有企业异质性和内生价格加成率的一般均衡模型中引入税收政策，通过将消费者的效用函数设定为线性形式，研究发现，税率上升时，与高生产率企业相比，低生产率企业只能扣除其生产成本的较小部分。因此，低生产率企业的实际税率会更高。在此基础上，本文使用中国工业企业微观数据，实证检验了企业生产率、加成率与所得税实际税率之间的关系。实证研究结果表明，生产率更高的企业，其价格加成率也越高；而价格加成率高的企业，其所得税实际税率更低。因此，企业所得税实际税率的差异可能不仅仅来自于征税机构的征税强度和企业的避税行为，还可能来自于企业的异质性能力。     

人民币汇率与企业生产率变动--来自中国的经验证据

基于2000—2007年工业企业微观数据和高度细化的海关数据,本文深入考察了人民币实际有效汇率对中国制造业企业生产率的影响。结果显示:(1)人民币实际有效汇率升值对制造业企业生产率的净效应为正,其通过企业资本劳动要素配置效应、企业选择效应、规模经济效应以及人力资本提升效应对制造业企业的生产率提升产生了积极影响,并且上述结论在考虑了人民币实际有效汇率的内生性问题之后依然稳健;(2)人民币实际有效汇率对企业生产率的影响,因企业出口与否、贸易方式、技术水平和所有制的不同而具有显著的异质性;(3)作为人民币汇率影响企业生产率的制约因素,企业融资能力越强,人民币汇率升值对企业生产率的积极影响越大。     

人民币名义有效汇率对进口价格的传递效应研究

本文基于一个成本加成模型,实证分析了人民币名义有效汇率对进口价格的传递效应。结果表明,1995年第一季度到2007年第二季度期间,人民币名义有效汇率的进口价格传递是不完全的:汇率若升值1%,短期内进口价格下降约0.26个百分点,长期下降0.25—0.29个百分点。利用滚动回归方法发现1995至2007年期间汇率对进口价格的传递程度呈先下降后上升的趋势。进一步检验表明,人民币名义有效汇率对进口价格的传递一定程度上内生于国内通货膨胀环境,同时也可能和进口产品结构的演变有关。     

人民币汇率及其对日本美国进口价格的传递效应

本文估计了人民币汇率变化对美国和日本从中国进口商品价格的传递效应。实证结果表明,人民币名义升值1%,将导致美国的进口价格短期上涨0.23%,长期上涨0.47%。日本从中国的进口价格对人民币和日元双边汇率的变化更为敏感。如果人民币兑日元名义汇率上升1%,日本的进口价格短期提高0.55%,长期则提高0.99%,具有完全的传递效应。这种高传递效应在食品、原材料、服装、制造和机械等不同类别的进口商品中也存在。但是,进一步分析表明:日本的高传递效应主要归因于中国钉住美元的汇率政策,而美元是中国对日本出口贸易的主要计价货币。在控制了计价货币因素后,自2005年7月以来人民币的累计升值并未传递到日本的总体进口价格或分类商品进口价格上。人民币汇率的这种低传递效应表明,人民币适度升值对中国的贸易顺差影响甚微。     

异质企业、汇率波动与出口——基于中国企业的实证研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文从理论上分析了汇率波动对异质企业出口行为的影响,并运用中国企业的微观调查数据对理论结果进行了实证分析,为了得到可靠的实证结果,我们控制了零贸易值产生的估计偏差。理论与实证分析表明,面对人民币升值,生产率高的出口企业倾向于缩减出口规模,而非降低出口价格;生产率低的出口企业倾向于降低出口价格,而非缩减出口规模;人民币升值的传递效应是不完全的。     

人民币汇率传递对我国价格水平的影响——基于非对称性视角的研究

本文运用滚动回归分析方法,研究自1995年至2013年人民币汇率变动对价格水平的影响。通过设置虚拟变量、运用门限模型等计量方法从汇率变动方向和汇率变动幅度两个层面考察了人民币汇率传递的非对称性。实证结果表明,不论采用OLS回归模型还是门限回归模型均得到人民币汇率传递是不完全的结论,且在2008年全球金融危机发生以后,人民币汇率变动对进口价格和国内物价水平的汇率传递效应都呈现下降趋势。并且由门限模型得到的实证结果表明:人民币贬值对进口价格和国内物价的传递效应都较大,人民币变动波幅较大时对进口价格的传递效应较大,人民币变动波幅较小时对国内物价水平的传递效应较大。     

人民币汇率冲击对中国农产品进口价格的影响

以人民币汇率、居民消费价格指数、世界出口价格单位值和中国制造业采购经理指数作为影响中国进口商品价格水平的主要变量,采用HP滤波方法针对中国主要农产品进口价格分别建立向量自回归模型,通过脉冲响应函数和方差分解技术研究人民币汇率波动对主要农产品进口价格波动造成的冲击效应和影响所占份额。实证结果表明：受到人民币;12率冲击后,鲜干水果及坚果进口价格在第1个月开始下降,食用植物油进口价格在第3个月开始下降,大豆超过3个月以后开始下降。人民币;12率波动对鲜干水果及坚果和大豆等进口价格波动影响较弱,而对食用植物油的进口价格波动影响较强。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.