农地制度:所有权问题还是委托-代理问题?

村委会作为农村基层唯一合乎法定体制的正规制度安排,承担着政府代理人、集体产权代理人、社区管理者相互矛盾冲突的三项职能。这一制度设计缺陷,引发了对土地集体所有、家庭经营制度的深入探讨。本文通过对土地职能、村委会角色与职能冲突及集体所有制问题的讨论,提出了土地集体所有家庭经营制度的治理结构问题,认为集体所有是均分土地的基本前提,而土地均分又是保障“人人有饭吃”的制度基础。在社会保障制度不完善的条件下,土地集体所有是既有的现实选择,这就使集体所有治理结构中存在的委托—代理关系,随着农户经济结构的转型正成为农村改革与发展面临的新问题。     

农村合作金融改革研究综述

农村合作金融是农村经济发展的主要支柱之一,也是农村改革的重要内容。中国农村合作金融的改革,既要借鉴国外成功经验,又要立足本国实际。对此,文章对国外农村合作金融成功经验及发展趋势、国内农村正规合作金融改革、合会的合法化与农村合作金融组织创新有关的主要研究成果进行了梳理。     

坚持农地集体所有的思考

本文在系统梳理中国农村改革历程的基础上,指出改革初期,为了满足农民的温饱诉求,党和政府逐渐认同了农民推出的“大包干”做法;温饱问题解决之后,为了满足农民外出从事非农就业的诉求,党和政府赋予农民自主流转其承包土地经营权的权利;现在,为了满足农民享有土地财产权益的诉求,党和政府应赋予农民土地股份的权利,将农村集体土地产权按份共有的改革目标落到实处。股权是集体经济的基础。改革初期以含义模糊的承包权替代含义清晰的土地股权,是为了达成改革共识;现在以含义清晰的土地股权替代含义模糊的土地承包权,是改革深化和认识与时俱进的结果。     

对中国农村土地产权制度的思考

市场经济在资源配置中能够起基础性作用,要使土地这种稀缺资源得到合理配置,必须让这种生产要素在市场中能够合理流动,这就需要土地具有完整的产权归属。因此,必须对中国当前农村土地的产权进行重新界定。     

Political hierarchy and urban primacy: Evidence from China

This paper studies the distributional effects of a centralisation reform of China’s political hierarchy on regional urbanisation. Initiated in 1983, the reform, implemented over a 20-year period, transferred the decision-making powers of county-level governments to prefecture-level governments. We use a difference-in-differences approach to evaluate the heterogeneous urbanisation of counties in response to this centralisation reform. The distributional effects include greater urban primacy and a more marked core–periphery structure at the prefecture level. Further analyses reveal that the results are driven by the reallocation of fiscal resources and industrial production based on both productivity advantages and political favouritism.     

Foreign bank entry,bank efficiency and market power in Central and Eastern European Countries1

This article analyses the implications of the recently observed sharp expansion of foreign banks in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) as measured by equity ownership. We show that the mode of foreign entry has a pivotal impact on the post‐entry performance of banks in CEECs. Foreign greenfield banks are characterized by superior cost efficiency, compared with domestic and foreign‐acquired banks. The efficiency of foreign‐acquired banks deteriorates in the initial year of acquisition, but improves thereafter. Banks acquired by foreigners have less market power relative to domestic and foreign greenfield banks. Overall, the CEEC banking sectors have benefited from the increased foreign bank participation, both in terms of higher efficiency and more competition.     

Where are we in the political economy of reform?

We review the experiences of developing countries with market-oriented reforms, using the tools of modern political economy. We impose intellectual discipline by requiring that actors behave rationally using available information and that basic economic relationships such as budget constraints be accounted for. We attempt to integrate two approaches, one based on dynamic games played by interest groups, with one that focus on limited information and the dynamics of learning.

We describe the “starting point” as the set of “old” policies and we attempt to explain the dynamics (political, economic and informational) that lead to reform (section II). We analyze strategies for reformers subject to political constraints (section Ш). We evaluate the aggregate and distributional costs of reforms, emphasizing the importance of looking at the right counterfactuals (section IV).

We conclude by pointing to the challenges ahead: the second-stage institutional reforms necessary to take off from underdevelopment.     

Public policy and rural poverty : A system dynamics analysis of a social change effort in Pakistan

This paper attempts to explain why public policies that were expected to alleviate rural poverty in Pakistan have not worked. The analysis is based on a system dynamics model that incorporates the income distribution processes of a typical developing country agrarian economy consisting of a capitalist and self-employed sector. Only the economic factors arising out of the rational decisions of the two sectors regarding production and disbursement of income have been taken into account. These factors are considered adequate for explaining the persistence of rural poverty, although the role of social and political factors is acknowledged.The study suggests that the absence of an economic force that should encourage land ownership by its cultivators is a key factor responsible for the poor economic condition of the working rural household that form the majority of the rural population. Land is easily separated from cultivators and is concentrated among the few capitalist households. This concentration significantly reduces income in self-employment and thus leaves the cultivators with very little bargaining power for negotiating compensation for thier labor. Thus development policies striving to increase productivity may only serve to increase the claim to income of the few capitalist households, leaving incomes of the majority of the households unchanged while also assuring continuation of low worker compensation.The study indicates that a development policy for alleviating poverty should simultaneously incorporate fiscal instruments to encourage transfer of land ownership to its cultivators and measures that help increase the productivity of land.     

经济结构调整过程中农村土地制度的创新

二元经济结构的改善需要农地制度的创新.农地制度改革目标模式的设计必须兼顾社会保障与效率两重功能,国有制、个人所有制、土地股份制都不符合这一原则.作者的产权分析框架认为,产权效率取决于权利的界定及实施.中国农地制度改革的方向,是坚持集体所有制的前提,通过农地权利的界定、农村集体经济组织决策制度的创新,进一步理顺乡镇政府、村集体组织与农民的关系.     

混合所有制经济的理论阐释与发展路径选择

本文对混合所有制经济的性质、发展混合所有制经济的目的进行了阐释,尝试澄清目前对混合所有制经济的模糊认识。笔者认为,混合所有制经济在微观上是一种资本组织形式,并不是一种所有制形式,发展混合所有制经济的目的是发展生产力,发展混合所有制经济的意义在于实现公有制经济和非公经济相互取长补短、相互促进、共同发展。发展混合所有制经济应实行“四线并进”,重点是推进垄断行业改革。     

深化经济体制改革 完善基本经济制度

改革是社会主义发展的直接动力,是社会主义制度的自我完善和创新。在改革中必须毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济,必须毫不动摇地鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展,坚持平等保护物权,形成各种所有制经济平等竞争、相互促进新格局。要通过深化改革,突破体制性障碍,完善基本经济制度。     

Money Talks: Moral Economies of Earning a Living in Neoliberal East Africa

Neoliberal restructuring has targeted not just the economy, but also polity, society and culture, in the name of creating capitalist market societies. The societal repercussions of neoliberal policy and reform in terms of moral economy remain understudied. This article seeks to address this gap by analysing moral economy characteristics and dynamics in neoliberalised communities, as perceived by traders in Uganda and sex workers in Kenya. The interview data reveal perceived drivers that contributed to a significant moral dominance of money, self-interest, short-termism, opportunism and pragmatism. Equally notable are a perceived (i) close interaction between political–economic and moral–economic dynamics, and (ii) significant impact of the political–economic structure on moral agency. Respondents primarily referred to material factors usually closely linked to neoliberal reform, as key drivers of local moral economies. We thus speak of a neoliberalisation of moral economies, itself part of the wider process of embedding and locking-in market society structures in the two countries. An improved political economy of moral economy can help keep track of this phenomenon.     

改变中国命运的伟大战略决策(上)——论中国构建社会主义市场经济的改革

1978年改革开放以来,我国走上了一条由计划经济向社会主义市场经济的成功的体制转型之路.社会主义条件下,实行市场取向的改革,需要正确解读经典作家关于社会主义经济的论述:(1)单一公有制以生产力的高度发展为物质前提;(2)商品生产被消除以成熟的社会共同体形成为前提;(3)社会主义是分阶段演进的.党的十一届三中全会恢复实事求是的思想路线以来,我国经济理论界突破了长期束缚人们思维的传统社会主义经济理论,初步形成了社会主义市场经济理论.     

International Financial Contagion: Why are Eastern Europe's banks not failing when everybody else's are?

While the Asian financial crisis spread to Russia and Brazil, the transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) are largely unaffected by international financial contagion. This is the more surprising considering that most economies have experienced severe banking sector problems in the past, that large bad loan ratios are still prevalent, that banking regulation and supervision are only slowly improving, and that stabilizing policies have slowly been eliminated. What insulated the CEECs from the recent wave of financial instability? To consider the counterfactual, we first provide a framework that links banking crises to financial deregulation. We then focus on a number of macro- and microeconomic factors, using data compiled from the IMF's International Financial Statistics, from the World Bank's World Debt Tables, and from the BIS's Consolidated International Banking Statistics. We first compare past experiences in CEECs with those in other emerging economies as a cross-sectional reference point. We then consider whether the situation in CEECs has changed since the last banking sector problems, in order to establish a reference point across time. Our results indicate that the factors leading up to past banking crises are generally different in CEECs from those in other emerging economies. However, in recent years, the characteristics of CEECs have become more similar to those of other emerging economies.     

政治庇护与改制:中国集体企业改制研究

公有产权的政治庇护理论认为拥有公有企业控制权的政府会从公有企业的持续经营中获取政治收益(就业、税收、企业利润以及个人福利等),政府或政府代理人的收益将会影响公有企业的改制决策。本文通过1998年至2003年全国规模以上集体企业的大样本数据,检验了政治庇护理论对公有企业改制原因的预测。结果表明,当集体企业为政府或政府代理人贡献的政治收益越高,集体企业在生产投入和产品销售上越依赖于政府,集体企业相对于地方经济越重要时,集体企业越不容易发生改制。这些结果有力地支持了政治庇护理论,并为企业改制政策制定和实施提供了重要的参考依据。     

从“静悄悄的革命”到“闹革命”——国共内战前后的土改与征兵

中共在1946年国共内战之前在解放区开展了轰轰烈烈的土地改革，目的就在于改变解放区乡村社会的权力结构，重建、巩固和强化党在乡村的组织化控制，从而为征兵、扩大军队兵源创造条件。基于这一目的，中共在土改中采取了一系列策略性行为，包括在其控制的中心区与边沿区采取不同的土地政策，在贫雇农路线和中农路线之间进行微妙平衡，等等，这使整个土改过程呈现出高度的复杂性。中共最终通过土改，使党组织在乡村社会扎根，进而有效地动员农民广泛参军，为中共军队最终战胜国民党军队奠定了决定性的后勤基础。     

A Nested logit approach to modelling the location of foreign direct investment in the Central and Eastern European Countries

This paper applies the Nested logit model to a three-level dataset in order to examine the factors explaining foreign investment location decisions into 13 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) over an eleven-year period between 1997 and 2007. The three-level dataset allows firm, industry and country factors to simultaneously determine the firm-level investment location decisions. The Nested logit model partially relaxes the assumption of the independence from irrelevant alternatives and tests if national boundaries affect the choice of investment location of multinational enterprises in the CEECs. In addition, the Heteroskedastic Extreme Value model is used to help identify an appropriate nesting structure. Empirical results show that the responsiveness of the firms' decision regarding where to locate capital in the CEECs to country-level variables differs both across sectors and across firms of different sizes and profitability.     

中国大陆上市公司的时空现状及其可持续发展研究

首先阐述了中国大陆证券市场的发展历史，分析了中国大陆上市公司的发展态势。从中国大陆各省区(省、直辖市、自治区)、六大经济区、三大经济地带入手，探讨了中国大陆上市公司的空间分布格局及其分布重心的移动轨迹，指出中国大陆上市公司的空间分布格局是由区域上市公司数量、土地面积、经济发展水平和产业结构发展状况等诸多因素所造成的。最后对上市公司的可持续发展进行了研究，旨在为中国大陆区域上市公司的相对均衡发展和可持续发展提供科学依据，以促进中国证券市场和国民经济的持续发展。     

改革进程中的“社会主义”——经济体制改革方向系统辨析

关于改革方向的误导性观点流传广泛。正确把握经济体制改革的社会主义方向,必须澄清与深化对以所有制为核心的一系列重大问题的认识。社会主义市场经济不能以现代法治市场经济取代;马克思主义的社会主义以公有制为基本特征,社会主义本质作为社会主义制度的本质,不是用来回答什么是社会主义问题的;判断一种经济形式是否为社会主义公有制的标准在于财产权利的等同性,即劳动者共同所有、共同劳动、共同管理和按劳分配。