国际服务贸易自由化的收益和成本

伴随着全球服务贸易的飞速发展,服务贸易自由化的收益问题成为众多学者讨论的热门话题。有的学者认为服务贸易自由化有利于降低产品价格、改善服务质量以及节约成本等,因而会给全球带来巨大的收益;而有的学者则提出相反的观点,认为自由化会遏制本国服务业的发展、传播经济危机并危害国家安全。文章在总结许多学者关于国际服务贸易自由化中收益和成本文献的基础上,对我国参与服务贸易自由化提出了相关的建议。     

大力推进福建服务贸易发展

随着世界新一轮产业结构调整、贸易自由化进程不断推进,全球经济竞争的重点正从货物贸易转向服务贸易.扩大服务贸易对于提升对外开放水平,促进经济社会的持续发展具有重要的推动作用.     

市场结构，贸易自由化和GATS

原载:European Journal0f Political Economy Vol.595(2001)[《欧洲政治经济学杂志》2001年第595卷]一、概述自建立以来,多边贸易体系一直只关注货物贸易。因此,从1947到东京回合,服务在历次的贸易谈判中都未曾提及。乌拉圭回合及其后世界贸易组织的成立,改变了这种状况。通过服务贸易总协定(GATS),他们将服务引进并纳入到多边贸易体系中。然而,实际的自由化程度一直相对较低,GATS的许多减让表还只是简单地停留在承诺上(或者连承诺都谈不上)。所以人们普遍认为服务部门的自由化仍有很大的发展空间。本文关心的是服务部门自由化的解析…     

我国贸易自由化的进程和思考

贸易自由化不仅有其理论根据，在当今开放的世界中更有其客观现实性，它已成为国际贸易发展的基本方向。我国作为一个发展中的大国，为了推进贸易自由化的进程，采取了诸多的政策措施，为贸易自由化创造了良好的宏观经济背景，改善了市场准入条件。根据我国的具体国情以及目前贸易自由化进程的状况，今后几年我国在市场准入障碍的进一步扫除、企业竞争能力的加强以及合理贸易保护等方面尤其值得思考     

论世界服务贸易自由化对中国的影响

服务贸易自由化是在经济全球化的基础上发展起来的,是贸易自由化在服务领域的具体表现。当今世界任何一个国家的经济发展都离不开世界上的其它国家。经济全球化和一体化的趋势势不可挡。无论是北方还是南方都被全球经济纽带捆绑在一起。发展中国家特别是我国作为发展中大国都必须要在贸易自由化的浪潮中迎接竞争和挑战。本文主要就世界服务贸易自由化对我国的影响进行论述,希望为我国应对服务贸易自由化提供一些参考。     

论双边FTA与WTO协定的关系

WTO协定对双边FTA等区域贸易协定的缔结作了许多原则规定。为了保证双边FTA与WTO规则相一致,WTO还加强了对双边FTA等区域贸易协定的审议和监察。双边FTA虽然与WTO多边贸易体制有不同之处,但二者基本精神是一致的:二者所体现的原则和所产生的经济效应基本一致,双边FTA有利于促进WTO所主张的全球贸易自由化的实现,而且,双边FTA终将融入WTO多边贸易体制。     

Why are Trade Agreements Regional?

This paper shows how distance may be used to coordinate on a unique equilibrium in which trade agreements are regional. Trade agreement formation is modeled as coalition formation. In a standard trade model with no distance between countries a familiar problem of coordination failure occurs, giving rise to multiple equilibria; any one of many possible trade agreements can form. With distance between countries, regional trade agreements generate larger rent‐shifting effects than nonregional agreements. Countries use these effects to coordinate on a unique equilibrium.     

Trade and Domestic Policy Linkage in International Agreements*

A central question in discussions of integrating negotiations over domestic policy (e.g., environmental policy or labor standards) into traditional trade agreements is the degree to which the trade policy and domestic policy provisions of an agreement should be explicitly linked. For example, should the World Trade Organization enforce domestic policy obligations with the threat of the suspension of trade concessions? This article considers the conditions under which linking trade and domestic policy agreements within a self‐enforcing agreement is beneficial, and argues that the benefits of such policy linkage may be lower than is commonly thought.     

International Trade, Regional Free Trade Agreements, and Economic Development

In 1991, Krugman illustrated that natural (regional) free trade agreements (FTAs) are likely to be welfare-enhancing if intercontinental costs are prohibitively high, but are likely to be welfare-reducing if such costs are zero. In 1995, Frankel, Stein and Wei extended the analysis to consider positive but nonprohibitive transport costs. This paper extends these models to allow for countries of different economic size. Large countries will tend to have higher relative wages, influencing the relative gains and losses from natural FTAs. For even modest differences in size, intracontinental FTAs are welfare-enhancing for larger countries, regardless of strong preferences for diversity or low intercontinental transport costs.     

Migration and Regional Trade Agreements: A (New) Gravity Estimation

This paper investigates the role of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on bilateral international migration. Building on a gravity model for migration, our econometric strategy controls for the multilateral resistance to migration and solves the zero migration flows problem by using a censored quantile regression approach. Further, the endogeneity problem of RTAs in migration settlement is addressed by using instrumental variable censored quantile regression. Our results suggest that the presence of a RTA stimulates the migration stocks among member countries. The pro‐migration effect of RTAs is magnified if the agreement includes also provisions easing bureaucratic procedures for visa and asylum among member countries. Finally, we find an asymmetric effect of RTAs across the quantiles of the distribution of migration settlements.     

Trade Creation and Diversion Effects of Europe's Regional Liberalization Agreements

After a short review of recent developments in gravity modeling and an overview of the liberalization agreements in Europe, this paper measures the trade creation and diversion effects of major European agreements based on the results of a correctly specified triple-indexed gravity model with bilateral fixed effects. Discussion of the resulting trade creation and diversion focuses on the role of partner and non-partner country characteristics including size and relative factor endowments, as well as date, reciprocity, industry coverage, and rate of liberalization characteristics of the agreement.     

区域服务贸易协定如何影响服务贸易流量?——基于增加值贸易的研究视角

本文从增加值贸易的角度,基于WWZ(2013)方法测算了全球40个经济体的服务增加值贸易水平,利用WTO的区域服务贸易协定数据库构造了衡量协定开放度的服务行业覆盖率指标,运用Anderson&van Wincoop(2003)引力模型分析框架和泊松拟极大似然(PPML)估计技术,研究了区域服务贸易协定对服务出口的差异化促进效应。结果表明,区域服务贸易协定对服务总值和增加值出口均有显著的促进作用,且对于开放水平越高的协定,这种正面促进效应越强;但协定对外国增加值出口的影响程度大于国内增加值出口。进一步地,本文还对各国服务出口的结构特征做了分组分析,并考察了缔约环境异质性对区域服务贸易协定的服务出口促进效应的不同影响机制。本文为中国进一步推进区域服务自由化,提升在服务贸易全球价值链分工中的地位提供了实证支持和政策参考。     

Free Trade Agreements and the Prospects for Regional Integration in East Asia

Trade policy in East Asia has switched from non-discriminatory unilateral liberalization, reinforced by General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO) commitments, to discriminatory free trade agreements (FTA). The paper surveys the FTA activity of the major regional players: China, the ASEAN countries, Japan, and South Korea. It concludes that emerging FTAs are weak and partial. A hub-and-spoke pattern of dirty FTAs will not drive regional economic integration or further integration with the global economy. Rather, it could be a force of regional economic disintegration – especially if the multilateral trading system weakens further. At the same time, FTA activity is distracting attention from the WTO, and, more fundamentally, from unilateral liberalization and domestic structural reforms. Hence, East Asian trade policies need to be rebalanced, with better-quality FTAs and more focus on the WTO. However, more important than the WTO and FTAs is a fresh spurt of unilateral liberalization and structural reform outside trade negotiations.     

Tax Policies,Regional Trade Agreements and Foreign Direct Investment: A Welfare Analysis

In this paper, we develop a partial equilibrium three‐country model to examine the relationship between regional trade agreements (RTAs) and foreign direct investment (FDI) in an environment with double taxation. Our analysis shows that FDI is welfare‐improving for at least one or both of the two regional countries if wage asymmetry is significantly large. FDI and an RTA are also welfare‐improving for the high‐wage country and the region if the wage differential is not small. We also examine the role of repatriation taxes in affecting the determination of firm location under an RTA. Our results suggest that the signing of an RTA may induce relocation from the high‐wage country to the low‐wage country unless an increase in the repatriation tax rate also occurs.     

Trade Creation Effects of Regional Trade Agreements: Tariff Reduction versus Non‐tariff Barrier Removal

This study uses the most disaggregated tariff line‐level trade data in a large number of countries in the world to empirically decompose the trade creation effects of regional trade agreements (RTAs) into those owing to tariff reduction and those owing to non‐tariff barrier (NTB) removal. Specifically, utilizing our detailed dataset, we employ the standard gravity equation and identify those effects by estimating the trade creation effects of RTAs for ineligible and eligible products for RTA preferential schemes separately. Our major findings are as follows. First, for the whole sample, there are significantly positive trade creation effects owing to tariff reduction while the effects for NTB removal are weak. Second, the trade creation effects of tariff reduction and NTB removal are substantially large in the case of trade among low‐income countries but weak among high‐income countries.