国际服务贸易自由化的收益和成本

伴随着全球服务贸易的飞速发展,服务贸易自由化的收益问题成为众多学者讨论的热门话题。有的学者认为服务贸易自由化有利于降低产品价格、改善服务质量以及节约成本等,因而会给全球带来巨大的收益;而有的学者则提出相反的观点,认为自由化会遏制本国服务业的发展、传播经济危机并危害国家安全。文章在总结许多学者关于国际服务贸易自由化中收益和成本文献的基础上,对我国参与服务贸易自由化提出了相关的建议。     

大力推进福建服务贸易发展

随着世界新一轮产业结构调整、贸易自由化进程不断推进,全球经济竞争的重点正从货物贸易转向服务贸易.扩大服务贸易对于提升对外开放水平,促进经济社会的持续发展具有重要的推动作用.     

贸易政策、增长和就业

直到现在,理论模型还去无法把贸易政策与更快的均衡增长联系起来,而且,实证文献有严重的数据方面的问题,因此,经济学家们还在贸易政策与经济运行的关系上争论不休。但是,最近的内生增长理论已经提供了更坚实的理论基础。有越来越多的证据表明,在外向型经济中,新技术能更快地被采用,外向型的贸易政策与储蓄率之间可能还是存在着某些联系的。而且,许多研究者进行的实证分析表明,在越开放的经济中,增长速度越快,创造的就业机会越多。所以,外向型贸易政策对增长、就业可能起正面的作用。     

我国贸易自由化的进程和思考

贸易自由化不仅有其理论根据,在当今开放的世界中更有其客观现实性,它已成为国际贸易发展的基本方向。我国作为一个发展中的大国,为了推进贸易自由化的进程,采取了诸多的政策措施,为贸易自由化创造了良好的宏观经济背景,改善了市场准入条件。根据我国的具体国情以及目前贸易自由化进程的状况,今后几年我国在市场准入障碍的进一步扫除、企业竞争能力的加强以及合理贸易保护等方面尤其值得思考     

市场结构，贸易自由化和GATS

原载:European Journal0f Political Economy Vol.595(2001)[《欧洲政治经济学杂志》2001年第595卷]一、概述自建立以来,多边贸易体系一直只关注货物贸易。因此,从1947到东京回合,服务在历次的贸易谈判中都未曾提及。乌拉圭回合及其后世界贸易组织的成立,改变了这种状况。通过服务贸易总协定(GATS),他们将服务引进并纳入到多边贸易体系中。然而,实际的自由化程度一直相对较低,GATS的许多减让表还只是简单地停留在承诺上(或者连承诺都谈不上)。所以人们普遍认为服务部门的自由化仍有很大的发展空间。本文关心的是服务部门自由化的解析…     

论世界服务贸易自由化对中国的影响

服务贸易自由化是在经济全球化的基础上发展起来的,是贸易自由化在服务领域的具体表现。当今世界任何一个国家的经济发展都离不开世界上的其它国家。经济全球化和一体化的趋势势不可挡。无论是北方还是南方都被全球经济纽带捆绑在一起。发展中国家特别是我国作为发展中大国都必须要在贸易自由化的浪潮中迎接竞争和挑战。本文主要就世界服务贸易自由化对我国的影响进行论述,希望为我国应对服务贸易自由化提供一些参考。     

International Trade, Regional Free Trade Agreements, and Economic Development

In 1991, Krugman illustrated that natural (regional) free trade agreements (FTAs) are likely to be welfare-enhancing if intercontinental costs are prohibitively high, but are likely to be welfare-reducing if such costs are zero. In 1995, Frankel, Stein and Wei extended the analysis to consider positive but nonprohibitive transport costs. This paper extends these models to allow for countries of different economic size. Large countries will tend to have higher relative wages, influencing the relative gains and losses from natural FTAs. For even modest differences in size, intracontinental FTAs are welfare-enhancing for larger countries, regardless of strong preferences for diversity or low intercontinental transport costs.     

The WTO and Regional Trading Agreements

This article describes the spread of regional trading arrangements, the rules within the WTO for regional trading arrangements and the possiblility of changing these rules.     

Voluntary Environmental Agreements and Competition Policy

Voluntary environmental agreements are oftensuspected to promote collusive practicesbetween participating firms. The paperaddresses the antitrust implications ofGermany's voluntary Dual Management System forPackaging Waste Collection and Recycling (DSD). It uses analytical tools of the economictheory of the firm to examine features ofDSD's governance structure that were oftenidentified to impede competition. While thepaper does not argue that DSD performs asefficiently as a hypothetical solution in amore competitive setting, it shows that thesefeatures have an economic rationale from theviewpoint of the theory of the firm. Thegeneral conclusion is that it is necessary tocarefully analyze the institutional fine-tuningof a voluntary agreement in order to derive theoverall impact stemming from a formal lack ofcompetition. A more case-to-case-oriented,institutional research approach could thereforefruitfully supplement model-driven, theoreticalanalyses of voluntary environmental agreementsand their effect on market competition.     

Gradualism in Trade Agreements with Asymmetric Countries

This paper uses recursive methods to characterize the payoff frontier of self–enforcing trade agreements between countries of asymmetric size. We show that at points on the frontier where only one country&'s incentive constraint binds, the efficient agreement will be a non–stationary one that starts with a positive trade distortion but eventually reaches free trade. Our analysis illustrates how (i) relative country size, (ii) consumption smoothing incentives, and (iii) sunk investments affect the form of efficient trade agreements. In contrast to previous work on gradualism, our results are obtained from a model in which the economic environment is stationary.     

Understanding the Welfare Implications of Preferential Trade Agreements

This paper examines various implications of preferential trade agreements, namely customs unions and free trade areas, in the context of a multicountry general equilibrium model. The model is calibrated to represent countries with symmetric endowments, and aggregate and disaggregate welfare change measures are used to quantify the welfare effects of preferential trade agreements. It is found that free trade areas are better than customs unions on welfare grounds for the world as a whole. Welfare decompositions suggest that a significant fraction of the welfare changes is explained by the volume-of-trade effect for both types of preferential trade agreements.     

区域贸易协定中知识产权保护对全球价值链嵌入程度的影响

区域贸易协定中知识产权保护对跨国公司生产布局具有重要影响,关系着各国在全球价值链(GVC)的嵌入程度.本文选取WIOD数据库42个国家的37个区域贸易协定为样本,以知识产权保护的创新效应、投资驱动和贸易成本效应为传导机制,运用扩展引力模型进行分析发现:区域贸易协定中知识产权保护的强化显著提升了缔约方GVC嵌入程度,对后向垂直专业化作用更明显.区域贸易协定知识产权保护覆盖率显著提升了缔约方GVC嵌入程度,而执行率则不显著;区域贸易协定中知识产权保护有助于提升中高收入国家GVC嵌入程度,对技术密集型行业的GVC嵌入程度的提升作用更大.中国应合理设计区域贸易协定中知识产权条款,通过宽覆盖和逐步强化执行度提升我国GVC嵌入程度.     

Economic Issues in Health Policy: Comment

This article reviews the adequacy of policy targeting of health market failures and the sector's positioning for the challenges ahead.