The co-evolution of business incubation and national innovation systems in Taiwan

Incubation has already proven to be of great value in promoting small and medium enterprise (SME) entrepreneurship activities and technological development in developed and developing countries. Incubation not only provides a diversified and integrated service for entrepreneurial ventures but also contributes upward to regional and national innovation and economic growth. Building upon the logic of co-evolution theory, this paper argues that incubation acts at the meso-level as a critical interface between macro-innovation systems and micro-business ventures. These multi-directional coupling elements in innovation ecology co-evolve to achieve collective interests and excellence, which in turn may stimulate technological development and social change. Important processes/mechanisms, including a policy kit and action, strategic networking, supportive associations, knowledge and intellectual capital management, among others, are discussed. Drawing on the national innovation system (NIS) and business incubation (BI) experience in Taiwan, we discuss the future prospects of incubation and innovation policies, including industrializing and globalizing incubation activities and virtual business incubation.     

商业模式价值逻辑的要素、框架及演化研究：回顾与展望

当前，在商业模式领域，研究视角多元化是一个突出特征，学者们积极发掘新视角来认识商业模式。随着“价值”概念导入商业模式领域，基于价值视角的商业模式研究开始兴起，众多学者积极从价值角度解读商业模式，意图揭示商业模式背后的价值逻辑,价值主张、价值创造、价值分配、价值传递、价值获取等相关概念频繁地出现在商业模式研究中。通过对现有研究进行系统梳理，阐释商业模式领域关于价值、价值主张、价值创造及价值传递等相关概念的特定内涵，分析不同概念间逻辑关系，并在此基础上，提炼商业模式价值逻辑框架、演化动因及方式，从而促进对商业模式价值逻辑思维的理解与关注，特别是对商业模式研究新进入者起到一定引导作用，为企业管理实践提供有益启示。     

Sociotechnical regimes,technological innovation and corporate sustainability: from principles to action

Increased environmental and social responsibility awareness, while producing unique opportunities for sustainability-oriented innovations, has generated important challenges for companies. The path to sustainability requires corporate strategies that guarantee profitability, managing simultaneously environmental and social responsibilities. An attempt is made to provide an understanding of sustainable development thinking in business, discussing how the combination of the transition management, adaptive planning and sociotechnical approaches can contribute towards an effective implementation of sustainability-oriented innovations in business context. The article proposes a conceptual model, which incorporates this contribution, developed through a four-year action-research project carried out within a large Brazilian energy company – Petrobras. The authors argue that the adoption of the proposed model by other large firms operating in different societal sectors might trigger organisational changes related to current corporate practices of technological innovation management.     

Measuring emerging categories of innovation: Modularity and business model

The oft-cited dichotomy between incremental and radical innovations is less important when we have to analyze how a new technology and its social institution coevolve. In this context, besides incremental and radical innovations, C. Freeman added two more categories of technical change: one is change in the technology system and the other is change in the technoeconomic paradigm.However, as the information technology (IT) revolution progresses further, we come to need more categories of innovations. In the computer industry, the concept of “module” is becoming a solution to growing complexity. In the new IT environment, we can be proactive in demand creation. It becomes crucial, therefore, whether the creation of new “business models” has followed technical innovations. In this article, we will try to demonstrate how these different categories of innovations, i.e., modularization and new business model creation, can be measured.     

服务型商业模式中价值主张创新对价值共创的影响机理

服务型商业模式是以服务为主导逻辑的经济环境下企业商业模式的创新。以价值主张画布为载体,探讨服务型商业模式对价值共创的影响机理。运用扎根案例研究方法,基于“价值共创主体（价值主张）→价值共创客体（价值创造）→价值共创行为（价值传递）→价值共创情境（价值获取）”的价值共创循环逻辑,识别出价值主张的共振性、场景性、精准性、互惠性4个属性特征,验证了其对企业与顾客的价值主张、产品市场、财务绩效3个方面的匹配。同时,建立起关系框架,希望为中国情境下传统企业转型升级提供借鉴。研究表明,服务型商业模式通过提供情感型价值主张实现企业商业模式创新,进而正向影响价值共创。     

New management dimensions in international business

Changing international business management situations generate new practices, methods, and concepts which are not sufficiently dealt with in management theories and training materials. This article highlights some of them with concrete examples.     

大数据对商业模式创新的影响机理

基于商业模式的三维度构成体系,构建了基于大数据的商业模式创新分析框架,对大数据如何影响商业模式创新的内在机理进行了研究。结果表明,大数据为企业发现价值、创造价值提供了新的视角和方式,成为企业进行商业模式创新的重要切入点;大数据对商业模式创新的影响体现在商业模式构成要素中,包括价值主张、价值创造与传递模式、价值获取这3个顶层要素及其子要素;大数据会渗透到企业经营管理的方方面面,为企业进行产品客户群精准细分、服务创新、流程创新、收益模式创新、价值网络重构提供重要手段。     

Belonging,believing, bonding,and behaving: the relationship between religion and business ownership at the country level

This cross-country study adopts a competing theories approach in which both a value perspective and a social capital perspective are used to understand the relation between religion and a country’s business ownership rate. We distinguish among four dimensions of religion: belonging to a religious denomination, believing certain religious propositions, bonding to religious practices, and behaving in a religious manner. An empirical analysis of data from 30 OECD countries with multiple data points per country covering the period 1984–2010 suggests a positive relationship between religion and business ownership based on those dimensions that reflect the internal aspects of religiosity (i.e., believing and behaving). We do not observe a significant association for those dimensions that reflect more external aspects of religion (i.e., belonging and bonding). These results suggest that the social capital perspective prevails the value perspective, at least when internal aspects of religiosity are concerned. More generally, our study demonstrates the importance of distinguishing between different dimensions of religion when investigating the link between religion and entrepreneurship.     

Integrating business modeling and roadmapping methods - The Innovation Support Technology (IST) approach

The purpose of this paper is to report the integration studies of business modeling and roadmapping methods for the “Innovation Support Technology (IST)” and the IST's practical application to real-world cases. The IST is conducted for the purpose of offering a convenient tool for engineers and researchers in order to enhance corporate value from R&D outputs. “Japan's lost decade” has forced companies to change R&D management and R&D operation style, especially regional industries. We propose the framework for revitalization of regional industries by using the Strategic Technology Roadmap made by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI-TRM) with business modeling. We applied this IST method to several real-world cases to show its effectiveness. This study represents the result of over four years (fall 2002) of work with the value creation framework of the business modeling method for R&D outputs, done by a group of researchers from JATES (Japan Techno-Economics Society).     

Managing the transition to sustainable supply chain management practices: Evidence from Dutch leader firms in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Governance literature identifies so-called ‘leader firms’ as the directors of global value chains. But in what direction are they leading? Some leader firms actively try to make a transition towards sustainable supply chain practices, but how can this be assessed? Supply chain management literature provides fragmented insights into the antecedents of transition processes. They adopt a largely ‘top-down’, ‘inside-out’ perspective rather than (also) take a ‘bottom-up’ and ‘outside-in’ perspective in which the consequences for the business models of supplying firms at the bottom of the supply chain are rarely taken into account. This contribution develops a more integrated eclectic approach on sustainable supply business models. We conceptualise antecedents of change along consecutive stages of management that combines different supplier ‘upgrading’ approaches with different ways in which leader firms integrate suppliers in their purchasing strategies. We apply this model to the strategies of 10 leading Dutch companies active in Africa, but with different supply chain positions.     

Social Entrepreneurship in China: Driving Institutional Change

In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the concern with exclusionary and unethical business practices has led to the growing popularity of social entrepreneurship, which focuses on the creation of social value, not wealth. In this article, I reflect on social entrepreneurship in China, a unique context given the strong communist party leadership and the transition to a market economy. To begin, I discuss the legal and political framework for social entrepreneurship in China, followed by an overview of the sector’s characteristics, including age, size, social issues emphasized, leader characteristics, and the role of women. Next, I provide examples of three social enterprises in China that illustrate the diverse possibilities for this sector as a force for social and institutional change. I conclude with some suggestions for strengthening China’s social enterprise ecosystem.     

Multi-product firms and business cycle dynamics

Recent empirical evidence provided by Bernard et al. (2010) and Broda and Weinstein (2010) shows that a significant share of product creation and destruction in U.S. industries occurs within existing firms and accounts for an important share of aggregate output. In the present paper, and consistent with this evidence, we relax the standard assumption of mono-product firms in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Our analysis is based on a model of firm dynamics with two deviations from the conventional real business cycle framework—imperfect competition with endogenous entry and multi-product firms. The combination of these two features enables our model to successfully generate a mechanism that accounts for the strong procyclicality of product creation. Due to the proliferation effect induced by firm-level adjustments in product scope, we show that our model embodies a quantitatively important magnification mechanism of aggregate shocks.     

Disruptive technologies: a business model perspective on cloud computing

A viable business model is crucial for the successful commercialisation of disruptive technologies. The cloud computing industry provides an ideal example for exploring how various elements of a business model contribute to a product's success (or failure). We examine how Amazon.com, Salesforce.com and Siebel responded to the disruptive power of the cloud computing technology. Our findings suggest disruptive technology per se is not the reason for the collapse of large corporations, but rather the failure to adapt or create new business models to incorporate novel technology. Our findings have direct implications for strategic managers and entrepreneurs seeking to leverage disruptive technologies through the right business model.     

Top management team boundary-spanning behaviour,bricolage, and business model innovation

ABSTRACT

Resources are basic element of business model innovation, but most enterprises face serious resource constraints due to their capability limitations. This study focuses on boundary-spanning behaviour of top management team and bricolage, to explore their influence mechanism on business model innovation. A hierarchical regression analysis is carried out on data from China. Responses from 163 enterprises indicate that top management team boundary-spanning behaviour has a significantly positive influence on business model innovation, that bricolage has a significantly positive effect on business model innovation, and that bricolage plays a significant intermediary role between top management team boundary-spanning behaviour and business model innovation. This study enriches theoretical and empirical researches on business model innovation while serving as a valuable reference for business practice.     

商业模式创新中场景价值共创动因及作用机理研究

随着智慧互联技术的创新性应用,产品智能化、服务化、情感化发展趋势日益明显,用户需求在时间、地理空间及情感方面的高度耦合引起商业应用场景的海量涌现。由此,场景化商业模式创新在现实商业应用层面越来越广泛,并引起了学术界的高度关注。立足于商业模式新视角,探究场景构成要素、场景价值创造动因及其作用机理,以价值创造为核心,以情感体验、社群渠道、连接机制为场景的潜变量,论证了场景价值是基于顾客生活方式和生活细节的情感体验,并在特定消费情景中由企业与顾客共同创造、顾客自己独立创造出来的价值。研究成果打开了商业模式视角下对场景价值探究的黑箱,对现有企业商业模式创新设计提供了有益借鉴。     

平台-社群商业模式构建及其动态演变路径——基于海尔、小米和猪八戒网平台组织的案例研究

伴随着海尔、小米通过向大众赋能促使大众与企业进行价值共创的平台组织模式,以及猪八戒网等向大众赋能的众包模式在全球范围内逐渐兴起,诸如管理权矛盾、创新不足、利润下滑等企业自身束手无策的问题频频出现,这是否意味着可以从企业的合作方,即大众的角度分析和解决这类困境?本文通过海尔、小米和猪八戒网的多案例研究,从社群价值出发,构建了基于个体需求价值和隐性冗余价值的平台-社群商业模式。首先,基于隐性冗余价值的碎片化、内隐性和差异化特征,推导出大众社群化、价值共创化的必然趋势。其次,总结出由社群价值密度、社区专业化、社群迭代率和社群聚合度四个维度构成的社群组态,并由此归纳出社群生态。最后,通过对海尔、小米和猪八戒网三个企业商业模式面临问题的分析,建立了以社群价值的最优区分转变为“导火索”,继而引发社群生态特点的变化,从而最终引发平台-社群商业模式动态变化的商业模式演变路径。基于此路径,揭示了类似平台化企业商业模式出现问题的原因。     

基于价值创造的专业房地产企业集团管控模式及其演进

基于价值创造理论,并结合企业实践,可以将专业房地产企业集团管控模式划分为全流程型、关键环节型、价值定位型和资本运作型四种类型,它们在总部目标、管控侧重点、集权程度等方面存在显著差异,并且随着行业逻辑、成长阶段和空间拓展的推进呈现出规律性的演进序列.然而,在现实中,专业房地产企业不能简单照搬这些模式,需要在此基础上结合自身实际,不断创新和完善集团管控模式.     

The business cycle of capitalism

In every business expansion the wage share declines because productivity rises faster than hourly wages. As a result, towards the end of expansion the limited wages and salaries cause an insufficient growth of consumer demand, which makes it difficult to realize profits. At the same time costs - including wage costs, material costs and interest costs - are rising, so it is difficult to produce at a profit. Therefore, at the peak of the cycle rising costs and insufficient demand squeeze profits as in a nutcracker, causing a fall in the expected rate of profit, which leads to a business contraction. In every business contraction the opposite trends tend to produce eventual recovery and a new expansion.     

When technological discontinuities and disruptive business models challenge dominant industry logics: Insights from the drugs industry

An industry's dominant logic is the general scheme of value creation and capture shared by its actors. In high technology fields, technological discontinuities are not enough to disrupt an industry's dominant logic. Identifying the factors that might trigger change in that logic can help companies develop strategies to enable them to capture greater value from their innovations by disrupting that logic. Based on analyzing the changes that biotechnologies and bioinformatics have brought to the drug industry, we identify and characterize three triggers of change that can create disruptive business models. We suggest that, in mature industries experiencing strong discontinuities and high technological uncertainty, entrants' business models initially tend to fit into the industry's established dominant logic and its value chains remain unchanged. But as new technologies evolve and uncertainty decreases, disruptive business models emerge, challenging dominant industry logics and reshaping established value chains.     

Expanding the two wings of social capital for value creation: strategic entrepreneurship of HTC, 1997–2008

This study draws on a historical, qualitative case study to explore how a leading Taiwanese high-tech mobile phone manufacturer, HTC, successfully and continuously manoeuvred the two wings of social capital – that is, structural social capital and cognitive social capital – to create value in its strategic entrepreneurial process between 1997 and 2008. Taiwan is a wide-spreading trust-based Chinese Confucian-influenced culture. The process of developing trust-based social capital for value creation consists of three central actions: identifying potential social capital, reinforcing cognitive social capital, and extending structural social capital. Our findings advance knowledge of trust-based social capital based on the perspective of strategic entrepreneurship for value creation and offer practical implications for the mobilisation of social capital. In sum, we suggest that firms could develop trust-based social capital considering business conditions to reduce possible risks or uncertainties of network management in an international arena.