技术创新动态能力与技术商业化绩效关系研究

以动态能力观为基础,探究了转型经济环境下技术创新动态能力对企业技术商业化绩效的作用,以及环境动态性（技术动态性和市场动态性）在技术创新动态能力与技术商业化绩效间的调节作用。基于我国16个省市目标企业的实证研究发现,技术机会识别能力、创新资源整合能力和组织变革能力显著正向影响技术商业化绩效;环境动态性对技术创新动态能力与技术商业化绩效关系具有部分调节作用,其中,技术动态性显著削弱了创新资源整合能力与技术商业化绩效的关系。     

Resource scarcity,technological progress,and stochastic growth

Will shortages of natural resources constrain economic growth? The answer seems yes, as the amount of natural resources on earth is finite. There can, however, be two excuses for this. First, the resource-saving technological progress might undo resource scarcity. Second, at the country level, countries can import resources from other countries. This paper revisits these two excuses. For technology, not all technological progress is resource-saving, and its arrival is unpredictable. For the import argument, at the global level, the world cannot make up for a shortage of natural resources by importing. Moreover, the amount of resources is difficult to forecast. To address these, I construct the open, stochastic two-sector endogenous growth model with exhaustible resources. I then analytically show that the answer is sensitive to the interaction between technology and resource shocks. In some cases, I find that higher resource uncertainty accelerates the expected growth and improves the welfare of agents.     

产业集群环境下企业网络权力、知识获取与技术创新

较高的网络权力意味着外部资源获取便利，但其是否有助于企业技术创新并未达成共识。基于社会网络理论，以知识获取为中介变量，以企业间信任关系和知识整合能力为调节变量，构建一个两阶段被调节的中介作用模型，以检验网络权力对技术创新的作用机制与边界条件。结果表明:①网络权力显著正向影响技术创新；②网络权力显著正向影响知识获取，知识获取则对技术创新产生倒U型影响，知识获取在网络权力影响技术创新关系中起部分中介作用；③企业间信任关系有助于企业通过网络权力获取外部知识，知识整合能力有助于企业将获取的外部知识转化为技术创新。对于管理者而言，可以从关系网络治理和内外兼修两个方面提升技术创新能力与绩效。     

互依性、知识获取与员工创新行为关系研究：一个有调节的中介模型

信息化与知识经济时代,创新成为个体获得竞争优势的关键因素之一。以中国情境下上海319位企业成员为调查样本,基于资源依赖理论和知识管理理论,构建一个有调节的中介模型。运用结构方程模型,考察任务互依性、目标互依性、奖励互依性影响员工创新行为的机制路径,检验知识获取的中介作用和任务冲突的调节作用。结果发现：任务互依性、目标互依性、奖励互依性对知识获取有显著正向作用;知识获取对员工创新行为有显著正向作用;知识获取在任务互依性、目标互依性、奖励互依性与员工创新行为之间起中介作用;任务冲突在目标互依性与知识获取的关系中起调节作用;任务冲突调节知识获取在目标互依性与员工创新行为关系中的中介作用,在高任务冲突情境下,该中介作用更显著。研究结果拓展了中国情境下员工创新行为理论体系,能够为企业管理者寻求更多管理策略提供指导。     

International,intra-national and inter-firm knowledge diffusion and technological catch-up: the USA,Japan, Korea and Taiwan in the memory chip industry

Using data on US patent citations, this paper investigates the pattern of international, intranational and interfirm knowledge diffusion in the process of technological catch-up by Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese firms in the memory chip industry. First, regarding international diffusion, this paper finds that the ordering of citations is exactly the same as the order of entry into the industry: Taiwanese firms tend to cite Korean firms, Korean firms tend to cite Japanese firms and Japanese firms tend to cite US firms. Second, the degree of intranational knowledge diffusion is proportional to the level of technological capability or order of entry, although it is also affected by organisational differences among the firms. Third, the difference in patterns of interfirm knowledge reflects difference across organisations, such that big Korean group firms are less oriented toward interfirm knowledge diffusion compared with their Taiwanese small and medium enterprise (SME) counterparts. To explain such difference, the role of government research institutions has been highlighted, especially since the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) accounts for the lion's share of Taiwanese-held patents and in the spin-offs of many firms in the industry.     

Social polarization, fiscal instability and growth

We present a dynamic model of fiscal policy in a simple growth framework where social polarization (of preferences) plays a central role in the evolution of fiscal instability and growth collapse. In a highly polarized society, a deficit occurs endogenously, fiscal spending path becomes more volatile, output collapses, and economic growth rate is reduced along the transition path to a new lower level of output. One novel feature is that the size of fiscal deficit, the magnitude of fiscal volatility, and the size of reduction in output and growth rate are explicitly shown to be increasing functions of the degree of social polarization. This is because of the positive relationship between the polarization of preferences and the incentive for policymakers (or socio-economic groups) to overexploit the government resources in a common pool setting (polarization effect). Thereby, we offer a fiscal instability channel that negatively links social polarization and growth, which is an alternative yet distinct explanation for the empirical finding that social polarization is harmful to growth. Moreover, we fully distinguish the incentive to engage in such short-term policies under political uncertainty from that under polarization. Polarization and political uncertainty are shown to be distinct yet critical to the dynamic coordination failure in the common pool setting.     

Technological innovation strategy: how do technology life cycles change by technological area

Discussions on the patterns of technological innovation have significant implications in terms of the efficient distribution of national R&D resources and the establishment of corporate managerial strategies. This study is focused on calculating and analysing technology cycle time (TCT) by technological area based on patent data that can be used as easily accessible objective indicators for the purpose of modelling the patterns of technological innovation by period and technological area. The main technological areas handled by the study include medical science, vehicles, metallurgy, and computing. Of the patent data registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office from 1990 to 2014, International Patent Classification sub-class codes representing each technological area were selected to collect patent data, and to generate TCT statistics every five years. The TCT statistics generated is interpreted as the technological life cycle, to be used in modelling technological innovation patterns individualised by technology and period.     

The effects of transformational leadership,competitive intensity and technological innovation on performance

This study aims to determine the three-way interaction effects of transformational leadership, technological innovation (i.e. product and process innovation) and competitive intensity on firm performance by detecting three-way interactions involving slope differences in moderated multiple regression. Based on a sample of 182 manufacturing enterprises in China, this paper finds that firms under transformational leadership are more likely to conduct process innovation, that the joint effect of the interaction between process innovation and competitive intensity is negatively related to firm performance and that the joint effect of the interaction between transformational leadership and competitive intensity is positively related to firm performance. Accordingly, this paper concludes that a firm should conduct more process innovation in a moderately competitive environment, but it should conduct less process innovation in a fiercely competitive environment, where in stronger transformational leadership should be adopted.     

Competition,variety and technological evolution: A replicator dynamics model

In this paper a model of technological evolution based on replicator dynamics is developed. Such a model is based on a twin characteristics representation of product technology and on a population approach. The model can give a general representation of technological evolution, but this paper concentrates on the relationship between variety and competition. Variety is considered to be a very important variable influencing economic development. By means of the characteristics and population approach adopted in this paper it is possible to distinguish between inter-and intra-technology competition. In this paper it is demonstrated that the variety of the system can only increase if intra-technology competition is more intense than inter-technology competition. Intuitively this implies that new technologies will only be able to emerge if incumbent technologies experience the competition coming from the new ones to be weaker than their own internal competition.     

绿色产品协同创新中契约形式对供应商创新性的影响——供应商绿色创新资源优先配置的中介及产品复杂性与技术新颖性的调节

激发供应商创新性对供应链协同创新意义重大。从契约治理视角，探讨供应商参与绿色产品协同创新中契约形式对供应商创新性的影响。来自制造业231个样本的实证研究表明：①过程控制型契约与供应商创新性之间存在倒U型关系，目标激励型契约正向影响供应商创新性；②供应商绿色创新资源优先配置在两种契约形式和供应商创新性间起中介作用；③上述中介作用分别被产品复杂性和技术新颖性调节，二者均正向调节目标激励型契约对供应商创新性的间接作用，技术新颖性负向调节过程控制型契约对供应商创新性的间接作用。     

Managing technology intelligence processes in situations of radical technological change

For established companies, radical technological change is not only a challenge, but it also constitutes a major source of failure. By establishing effective technology intelligence processes, companies may react to radical trends in time which is a prerequisite for coping with technological change. Therefore, this study analyzes the technology intelligence processes in 25 multinational companies in the pharmaceutical, telecommunications equipment and automobile industries in the context of radical technological change. In the three industries, the technologies combinatorial chemistry, dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) and fuel cell are used as settings to analyze these processes on the technology level against the background of the company-level perspective. By applying this complex view, which allows to take into account interactions between different organizational mechanisms and between different hierarchical levels inside a firm, three types of organizing technology intelligence processes can be identified: the participatory, the hybrid and the hierarchical technology intelligence process. The organization of the technology intelligence process according to the three types is influenced by the corporate culture and the decision-making style of the companies. Furthermore, industry differences are identified which may be explained by different rates of radical technological change in the industries. This study suggests that more complex and differentiated views on radical technological change, on corporate technology intelligence processes and on the variety of organizational structures involved in these processes are required.     

Whatever works: Uncertainty and technological hybrids in medical innovation

The persistent uncertainty that looms over the search for solutions to health problems offers important conceptual insights for the study of technological change. This paper explores the notion of hybridization, namely the embodiment of multiple competing operational principles within a single medical device, as strategy to deal with the practical shortcomings due to said uncertainty. The history of the development of the hybrid artificial disc affords the elaboration of an alternative view of hybridization and, at the same time, the articulation of a dualism between medical science as area of basic research (e.g. what disease is) and as practical knowledge (e.g. how disease can be tackled).     

供应商整合能力对渐进式创新与突破式创新的影响

整合供应商以获取外部资源、技术与能力是制造企业实现创新的重要途径。研究供应商整合能力对创新类型的影响及环境动态性的调节作用,通过对以往相关研究进行简要梳理和评述,建立结构方程模型并运用多元回归方法进行假设检验。结果表明,供应商整合能力对渐进式创新、突破式创新有正向影响,且更利于促进突破式创新;技术动态性负向调节供应商整合能力与渐进式创新间的关系,正向调节供应商整合能力与突破式创新间的关系;市场动态性的调节作用与技术动态性正好相反;供应基复杂性对供应商整合能力与渐进式创新间关系的调节作用不显著,但其正向调节供应商整合能力与突破式创新间的关系。     

企业社会责任、非沉淀性冗余资源与二元性技术创新

现有文献对于企业社会责任与技术创新关系存在悖论。为打开该作用机制的“黑箱”,基于创新二元性理论,区分企业社会责任对探索式和利用式技术创新的差异性影响,并检验非沉淀性冗余资源对上述关系的调节机制。基于2008—2016年中国研发密集型上市企业实证研究发现：①企业社会责任能够显著正向影响探索式技术创新;②非沉淀性冗余资源正向调节企业社会责任与探索式技术创新间的关系。结论深化了企业社会责任与技术创新间关系的理论和实证研究,并丰富了企业社会责任的权变观。     

Technology-push, demand-pull and the shaping of technological paradigms - Patterns in the development of computing technology

An assumption generally subscribed to in evolutionary economics is that new technological paradigms arise from advances is science and developments in technological knowledge. Further, demand only influences the selection among competing paradigms, and the course of the paradigm after its inception. In this paper, we argue that this view needs to be qualified and modified. We demonstrate that, in the history of computing technology in the 20th century, a distinction can be made between periods in which either demand or knowledge development played the bigger role in shaping the technological paradigms. In the demand enabled periods, new technological (sub-)paradigms in computing technology have emerged as well.     

Technological evolution and interdependence in China's emerging biofuel industry

This study uses the European Patent Office worldwide patent database and applies two-stage interactive data collection methods to reveal the evolving technological interdependence for China's emerging biofuel industry. Three findings are excerpted from our empirical results. First, due to dominant patterns of business ownership, China's biofuel technology is seen as largely based on the evolutionary strength of the foodstuff and chemical fields. Second, China's biofuel technology development has evolved in the mode of ‘forward engineering’, led by Chinese universities rather than initiated by the public research institutes as in the experience of other East Asian latecomers. Third, our patent map and technology trajectory analyses illustrate that China's biofuel technology tends to be application-oriented and highly intertwined with the pharmaceutical industry since the 2000s, which evidences the development of biofuel industry as reciprocally reinforcing China's innovation capability deriving from its prominent chemical sector. By examining endogenous technology capability embedded in the national innovation capacity, this study uncovers public implications for other technology latecomers attempting to build an emerging industry while facing technology uncertainty in a transitional society.     

Learning-by-doing in R&D, knowledge threshold, and technological divide

This paper presents a simple R&D-based growth model of the “technological divide,” in which learning-by-doing (investing) in R&D and a threshold level of technological knowledge jointly determine the pattern of economic growth. Specifically, the model generates differences in the growth pattern primarily by modifying the underlying parameters that govern the evolution of economy-wide technological competence or dynamic R&D productivity. The technological divide arises at the threshold level of technological knowledge, which is largely affected by the quality of socio-technological infrastructure. Government policies aimed at enhancing the quality of socio-technological infrastructure can help countries escape from the “technology divide” trap by lowering the knowledge threshold. While the model preserves the spirit of the R&D-based endogenous growth model in the sense of its policy effects and the endogenous evolution of technological competence, the model does not need to reach the scale effect directly, where an increase in the size of an economy generates more rapid growth.     

What Role Does the Political Environment Play in Economic Development? —A Case Study of Fujian Province

Uncertainty induced by the political environment affects investment risk, and thus affects investment decisions, which have a close relationship with economic development. This paper investigates the economic cost of political instability using the case study of the tense relationship across-Strait in China. We use a synthetic control method to better model the counterfactual analysis of this case study. The intense situation of the relations across-Strait has great influence on the economic development of Fujian province. Fujian province is the closest province in proximity to Taiwan and also possesses the greatest preferential policies for Taiwanese direct investment. The empirical results of this study reveal that during 2001-2008 Fujian province’s average annual loss in GDP per capita was 682.54 yuan. In other words, GDP per capita in Fujian has declined about 12.1 percent annually during this period compared with GDP per capita as calculated by the synthetic control method.     

Measurement of level and gap of technological development

In the present world of exponential technological growth, technological cooperation is a major imperative. In selecting optimal partners for technological cooperation, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the levels and gaps of a technology with respect to the cooperating countries/industries/firms. This is because both large and small gaps in technology make cooperation difficult. However, technological cooperation is a viable proposition for partners with moderate gaps, since the benefits would be mutual. Gaps and levels can be measured in an absolute or relative sense, and also in qualitative or quantitative terms. This paper presents procedures for the analysis of levels and gaps with respect to specific technologies. Illustrative examples from selected fields are included. It is hoped that a disaggregated analysis of levels and gaps in terms of the four basic components of technology can give better insights for technology planning.     

Technological interdependence and knowledge diffusion in the building of national innovative capacity: The role of Taiwan's chemical industry

While the significance and effectiveness of patents in the chemical industry has been demonstrated in many industrialized countries, this study examines the role of the chemical industry and knowledge diffusion in building the innovative capacity of a nation in latecomer country Taiwan. The development of process innovation plays an integral role in the strategic industries of Taiwan, but few attempts have been made to address how the efficiency of process development can be enhanced. As a latecomer, Taiwan has built its national innovative capability on strategic industries such as semiconductors, consumer electronics and flat panel displays. Through patent data analysis, this study demonstrates the significant and indispensable role played by the chemical industry in technological interdependence and knowledge diffusion with other Taiwanese strategic industries. This study suggests that while the public resources of Taiwan are focused on accelerating the development of emerging sectors and technologies, the chemical industry serves as an effective linkage and catalyst in problem-solving.