New development: A new history of collective bargaining in South Korean governance

Collective bargaining in the public sector is less developed in most East Asian countries due to legal restrictions imposed on employees in the public sector. Surprisingly, for the first time since the Act on the Establishment and Operation of Labour Unions for Public Officials took effect in 2006, collective bargaining and negotiations led to an agreement between the South Korean government and the union representing national government officials in December 2017, heralding a new era of collective bargaining in South Korean governance. This new development offers meaningful lessons for governments and public sector unions around the world.     

Fiscal institutions and the funding of US state and local pension plans

This paper investigates the relationship between the funded ratio of US public pension plans and several fiscal institutions adopted by state governments. The author analysed a large data set from 1997 to 2012, and found that states with stricter balanced budget requirements and debt limits had a lower pension funded ratio, whereas states with tax and spending limits in place had a higher funded ratio. The findings contribute to the current debate on public sector pension reforms in the US and internationally.     

The Destination of Outward FDI and the Performance of South Korean Multinationals

This paper examines how the destination of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) affects South Korean multinational parent firms. We categorize host countries into those that are developed and those that are less developed. We find that destination matters for employment and capital intensity. FDI into less developed countries is negatively associated with a firm's employment and positively associated with its capital intensity. However, FDI into developed countries does not seem to matter: the parent firm's activities do not change significantly after FDI has been made. These results may indicate that Korean FDI into less developed countries is a relocation of production lines to overseas affiliates and FDI into developed countries is done to extend markets.     

Making sense of New Zealand’s ‘spirit of service’: social identity and the civil service

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the creation a more unified civil service in New Zealand with the Public Service Act 2020, which promotes the most profound changes to the public service since New Zealand’s New Public Management heyday in the late 1980s. Among its many reforms is an explicit attempt to foster a unified culture around a ‘spirit of service to the community’—a construct without fixed definition that appears to incorporate ideas of motivations and ethics. This paper shows that this unified culture can be traced through a series of key collaborative discussions that have taken place among New Zealand’s public sector chief executives. The authors present a case study to show how these collaborations contributed to a new social identity, and provided a foundation for a civil service unified by its spirit of service to the community. The paper contributes to this PMM theme by providing empirical evidence from the latest New Zealand experience; and also contributes to theory of social identity and sensemaking in creating civil service values.     

英国养老金私有化改革的历程与评价

英国是较早进行养老金私有化改革的国家之一,开始于20世纪70年代末的"协议退出",导致保障水平下降、养老金收入差距拉大、基金管理费用高等问题日益显现,退出比例本身也呈下降趋势,人们越来越倾向于回到依靠国家养老金的老路上来.政府在新的改革中再次推行均等化,提高制度的再分配性.这一改革历程凸显反复、频繁、复杂,一方面给个人...     

Organizational culture and career development in the British civil service

ABSTRACT

Quantitative analysis has rarely been used to assess the organizational culture of the British civil service. This paper matches a framework based on features of prominent theories against British Civil Service People Survey data for 2010–2018 for 71 organizations. The analysis shows a shift over that timescale to a culture giving significantly greater emphasis to personal development, with staff given more responsibility to achieve their organization’s mission come what may.     

A Comment on the Place of Funded Pensions in Transition Economies

Arguments are presented in the case of Eastern European transitioncountries for combining the restructuring of insolvent pay-as-you-goretirement systems with the introduction of mandatory, private,funded pensions. They involve the reduction of dead-weight loss,the return to formal activity of gray markets, and the developmentof capital markets. With the proper financing, such policiescan also increase national savings. Lack of public knowledgeabout financial instruments for saving argues for making participationin the private funds mandatory. A combination of a reformed pay-as-you-gosystem with private, mandatory funds balances concern for politicalrisk and real wage variability with concern for the variabilityof real financial returns.Animportant caveat is in order. Implementing such a policy requiresa capacity for effective enforcement of prudencial regulationsand a commitment to macroeconomic stability. If these are notpresent, reform should be limited to restoring balance to thepay-as-you-go system.     

Operationalization of Ghana’s civil service code of conduct

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the internal and external challenges to the implementation of the code of conduct in the Ghana’s civil service using the Controller and Accountant Generals’ Department (CAGD) as a case study. The main internal challenges to the implementation of the civil service code of conduct at CAGD were found to be: the categories of staff affected by the code of conduct; ‘immunity’ from sanctions, nepotism; and limited checks on enforcement mechanisms. The key external challenges to the implementation of the civil service code of conduct at the CAGD are discussed in the paper and the authors make five important policy suggestions to enhance effectiveness of the implementation process. The suggestions will have value in countries with developing administrative systems.     

英国“第二支柱”职业养老金改革及其效果分析--以《2008年养老金法案》为例

20世纪70年代以来,随着人口老龄化的加剧和财政压力的加重,英国由国家养老金、职业养老金和个人养老金组成的三支柱养老保险体系的改革呈现出私有化的特点,尤其鼓励大力发展职业养老金和个人养老金计划。《2008年养老金法案》中关于英国职业养老金计划的改革具有划时代的意义,其中“国家职业储蓄信托”提升了职业养老金计划的整体投资绩效;“自动加入”机制作为职业养老金计划由自愿性转向强制性的标志,极大地提高了职业养老金计划的参与率和覆盖面、增加了职业养老金计划的储蓄额。可以说,《2008年养老金法案》对英国职业养老金计划的发展起到了非常大的推动作用。     

Developing capacity within the British civil service: the case of the Stabilisation Unit

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the training and development dimensions of a relatively recent entity within the British civil service—the Stabilisation Unit (SU). Now accountable to UK National Security Council, the unit came into being in 2007 in order to co-ordinate work between the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, the Department for International Development, and the Ministry of Defence in the wake of military interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan. The unit now has a broad crisis prevention and response function. This paper shows how the unit has become an important training and capacity building feature of the modern British civil service. The concluding argument is that there is considerable potential for the unit to be an organizational agent for joining-up government as part of a renewed modernization agenda for civil service learning, training and development.     

The Government Transformation Programme of Malaysia: a successful approach to public service reform

The 2009 Malaysian Government Transformation Programme (GTP) could be useful as a model for reform given its positive impact on improving public services in targeted key result areas. This paper assesses the GTP's approach in the context of the wider debate on whether reforms should be based on best practices or whether they should be diagnostic or problem-solving in approach. The GTP's success was largely the result of blending both approaches. The GTP experience in Malaysia provides a number of insights and lessons for delivering intelligent reforms quickly and effectively.     

Relationship marketing,relational capital and the future of marketing in public service organizations

This article proposes an innovative model of marketing practice for public services. This is rooted in the paradigm of relationship marketing and emphasizes the need to build relational capital between and within organizations operating in the public services arena. It is argued that this is essential for the effective management of contemporary public services in the fragmented state.     

Funding a PAYG pension system: the case of Italy

Italy is characterised by a mature pay‐as‐you‐go social security system and by particularly adverse population projections. Given these trends, the social security contribution rate is expected to increase above its current high level. This hinders the development of employer‐provided pension funds and introduces a significant wedge between labour cost and earnings that discourages both labour demand and labour supply. Any proposal to reduce payroll taxes and to reform the system in the direction of partial funding has to cope with the state of Italian public finances. Italy has to comply with the Stability and Growth Pact that imposes constraints on budget deficit and debt trends. Using micro data from the Bank of Italy's Survey of Household Income and Wealth and official population projections, we estimate future employment trends under different demographic and macroeconomic scenarios and compute the cost of the transition. We show that it would be substantially reduced if positive effects on employment were induced by the payroll tax reduction.     

东亚三国的公共养老金制度改革：名义账户制的应用前景评析

在人口老龄化形势下,东亚国家的老年人口赡养率迅速攀升。如何改革公共养老金制度,建立与人口、经济社会形势相适应的养老保障体系,是摆在这些国家面前的一个难题。本文将比较中国、韩国和新加坡的公共养老制度,探讨名义账户制（NDC）在三国的应用前景。通过分析名义账户制化解各国现实问题的潜在能力,作者认为中国适用名义账户制的可行性最强,新加坡较低,而韩国介于二者之间。     

A Comparative Analysis of the Public Spending Efficiency of the New EU Member States: A DEA Approach

This paper provides an analysis of the performance and efficiency of the public sector in the European Union (EU). Using composite indicators and data envelopment analysis, we focus on the new EU member countries, which were involved over the past decade in the accession and integration process. Results of the analysis indicate that, unlike "old" EU members, which invested more in sectors such as education or health, countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the "new" EU member states, have directed public resources mainly toward the performance of the government sectors. However, greater efficiency has been achieved precisely in those areas where they have invested less.     

韩国证券市场的发展历程、特征及其启示

本文通过回顾韩国证券市场自20世纪50年代以来的发展历程,认真梳理和总结了韩国证券市场发展过程中的成功经验和失败教训,以期对我国证券市场的发展提供借鉴。     

养老基金个人投资选择权的理论阐释与实践发展

国外养老基金个人投资选择权的理论阐释与实践发展表明,职工并不能作为"理性人"在养老基金投资运营中实现收益最大化,并进而揭示出养老基金个人投资选择权的两个主要发展趋势,即"管理机构选择权"模式中个人在投资机构问的转移率与该国人均收入水平负相关,以及"投资基金选择权"模式中个人参与率下降趋势明显.因此,如果我国企业年金设置...     

The rise and fall of the Big Society in the UK

This article assesses the role of the Big Society within the complex pattern of UK service provision. It is argued that the relevance of the Big Society was transient and it has had little impact on practice. Reasons for this are located within the complexity of relationships between public, private and third sectors. Such complexity is a permanent feature of contemporary service provision in which the moment of the Big Society has now passed.     

How the provision of inflation information affects pension contributions: A field experiment

Ignoring the effects of inflation in retirement planning can have severe consequences for an individual's future financial well-being. Yet, many pension funds do not communicate inflation-related information, presumably for the fear of reduced contributions once the members understand how low the “real” return on saving for retirement is. As an alternative prediction, the provision of inflation information could increase pension contributions, because it reveals possible pension shortfalls. In cooperation with a major German pension fund, we conduct a field experiment, in which we vary the inflation information provided to the fund members, to explore this important issue. Among all participants, we find mostly positive but insignificant effects of the inflation information on pension contributions. Among those participants who voluntarily changed their pension contributions after the experimental intervention, the provision of inflation information significantly raises the likelihood of increasing pension contributions.     

韩国老人长期看护保险法评介

为了应对人口高龄化带来的老人看护问题,韩国制定了《老人长期看护保险法》,通过该法创设了老人看护保险制度。该法的实施预示着韩国逐渐由家庭养老方式向社会化养老方式进行转变。尽管老人看护保险制度还面临一些新的问题,但韩国已经在解决高龄者看护问题的道路上迈出了坚实的一步。