Fiscal Policy, Congestion, and Endogenous Growth

We devise an endogenous growth model with private and public physical capital, and human capital, which allows for relative and absolute congestion. According to empirical evidence, long-run growth is invariant to fiscal policy. Despite its complexity, the dynamics of the market economy and the centralized economy are analyzed in detail. We show that an increase in absolute congestion reduces the long-run growth rate of output. In contrast, relative congestion does not affect long-run growth. In the absence of congestion, it is optimal to use lump-sum taxation, and with congestion it is optimal to also tax income.     

Sustainability of Monetary-cum-Exchange Rate Policy in China

This paper theoretically considers the long-run sustainability of China’s monetary-cum-exchange rate policy under the impossible trinity. Two different models are examined: One sterilizes current net foreign assets (NFAs) and the other focuses on NFAs realized in the previous period. Under the de facto opening of financial flows, sterilization yields a negative risk premium in uncovered interest parity (UIP) that triggers a feedback increase among capital inflows. Here, stability depends on the magnitudes and the combination of structural and policy parameters. It is shown that if current capital inflows are sterilized, the monetary-cum-exchange rate policy in China offers a sustainable solution for exchange rates that are relatively stringently managed. However, such a solution can be obtained for relatively flexible or moderately managed rates if sterilization policy is implemented on the previous period’s inflows.     

Economic Policy Uncertainty and Investor Sentiment: linear and nonlinear causality analysis

In this paper, we study the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and investor sentiment. US data were analysed based on linear and non-linear Granger causality analysis. We reveal the obvious impact that economic policy uncertainty has on the investor sentiment, which can be explained by the real option and financial constraint theory.     

Investment with Uncertain Tax Policy: Does Random Tax Policy Discourage Investment

We consider the impact of tax policy uncertainty on firm level and aggregate investment, comparing investment behaviour when uncertainty is due to a shock following Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) versus when random discrete jumps in tax policy occur. Expectations of the likelihood of a tax policy switch have an important negative impact on the gain to delaying investment in the latter model and time to investment can fall with increasing tax policy uncertainty. Aggregate investment simulations indicate that capital formation is adversely affected by increases in uncertainty in the traditional GBM model but can be enhanced in the jump process model.     

贸易政策、研发投入与技术进步

本文利用我国制造业部门13个行业1993-2005年的数据,通过协整检验和建立向量误差修正模型实证分析了贸易政策和研发投入对技术进步的动态影响.研究结果表明:贸易保护程度、研发投入和技术进步三者之间存在一种长期的均衡关系:贸易开放程度越高,研发投入越大,则技术进步越快.     

Policy Uncertainty and the Demand for Money in Korea: An Asymmetry Analysis

Previous studies included money supply volatility as well as output volatility as measures of uncertainty in estimating the demand for money. However, a more comprehensive measure of uncertainty is now constructed for many countries and is known as policy uncertainty. When we included this new measure in the formulation of the demand for money in Korea and relied upon a nonlinear specification of the money demand which allows us to assess the asymmetric effects of changes in the policy uncertainty measure, we found asymmetric long-run effects of policy uncertainty on the demand for cash in Korea. Our conjecture is that increased uncertainty induces Koreans to hold less cash in favor of safer assets and decreased uncertainty has opposite effects, though at different rate.     

政策不确定性对企业创新绩效的影响——研发要素区际流动的中介作用

自中国经济发展进入新常态以来,频繁的政策实验使得政策不确定性成为企业创新决策过程中不可忽视的因素,企业在不确定性政策环境中的行为选择及内在机理有待进一步检验。基于政策不确定性概念,检验不同类型政策不确定性对企业创新绩效的影响,并从人才和资本两个维度分析研发要素流动的中介作用。结果发现：总体来看,政策不确定性不利于企业创新绩效提升与研发要素流动。具体地,供给层政策不确定性对企业创新绩效和研发要素流动具有负向影响,需求层政策不确定性对其具有正向影响,环境层政策不确定对其无显著影响。人才、资本等研发要素流动在政策不确定性与企业创新绩效间发挥部分中介效应。进一步分析发现,供给层政策不确定性通过抑制人才、资金等研发要素流动负向影响企业创新绩效,需求层和环境层政策不确定性通过促进人才、资金等研发要素流动正向影响企业创新绩效。     

The demand of energy from an optimal portfolio choice perspective

This paper analyses the demand for energy sector by employing a model form strategic asset allocation literature and quantifying the welfare losses incurred by an investor due to sub-optimal asset allocation. Our sample group includes fifteen major oil producing and consuming countries. We analyze the short-run and long-run desirability of energy sector in the optimal portfolio of an investor with varying level of risk aversion; that is, risk averse and risk tolerant investors. Our results show that the portfolio demand for energy sector is myopic or short-run. For long-run investors, investing in a portfolio of equity market and government bonds is a better proposition. In addition, energy sector is more desirable for risk tolerant investors.     

On optimal growth under uncertainty

In a recent paper Brock and Mirman showed that in a one-sector model of economic growth under uncertainty the long-run behavior of the optimal capital stock is governed by the basic properties of an acyclic ergodic Markov process. This paper considers a similar model and has two purposes. First, necessary and sufficient conditions for optimal policy functions are derived in a regime in which future utilities are discounted. These conditions lead, in an example, to an explicit optimal policy function, which is used to display the steady-state solution for the capital stock under an optimal policy. Secondly, in the Brock and Mirman paper it was assumed that the production functions are ordered. We show that all the properties proved by Brock and Mirman are satisfied even when the production functions are not ordered.     

Trade reform,aggregate investment and capital flight: On credibility and the value of information

In this paper we demonstrate that uncertainty about future policy reversals coupled with irreversible investment confers an option value to foreign exchange and may lead to capital flight and a fall in aggregate investment after a trade reform. The analysis focuses on the value of information and the credibility of the policy reform. The conclusion points to a potential role for international institutions to prevent such problems.     

Trade and Industry Policy

This article consists of a review of changes in trade and industry policy, along with discussions of the determinants of change and the major problem areas. Policy between 1965 and 1985 is summarised, and the growth of unemployment in the 1970s is suggested as a key determinant of change. Higher protection in certain industries, and moves to more quantitative methods ot protection can be related to unemployment, in Australia as in other countries. Theory and empirical evidence suggest that protection is likely to prove ineffective in reducing unemployment. The reliance on protection in particular cases is ascribed to a wish by governments to preserve specific jobs, not to increase overall employment. Policy can have a role in facilitating or restricting structural change which can arise from several sources, such as changing trade patterns and preferences. The devices of policy are considered briefly to determine whether they are likely to facilitate change or not. It is concluded that they often provide incentives to avoid change. The scale problem is considered, and it is suggested that the cost of protection could be high in industries subject to significant scale economies. Scale and adjustments are considered in the light of two industries, motor vehicles and whitegoods, and the role of industry plans is examined. The actuality of trade and industry policy often differs from announced intentions, and this ambiguity can give rise to uncertainty which itself has a cost.     

财政政策的供给效应与经济发展

本文分析了发展中国家公共投资对私人资本积累的动态响应。针对公共资本的拥挤性特征 ,同时考虑财政投资可能引起的风险。在不考虑公共投资风险的分权经济中 ,由于公共资本和私人资本都处于短缺状态 ,企业争夺拥挤性公共资本而扩张私人资本的投资行为虽然使经济超常增长 ,但是存在过度投资和过度拥挤。在集中优化模型中 ,如果考虑到公共投资的风险 ,政府通过税收方式弥补公共投资风险 ,同时将企业投资产生的拥挤效应内部化 ,就能消除企业的过度投资和过度拥挤现象 ,使经济保持合理持续的增长。对中国这样的发展中国家 ,需要重视财政的供给效应 ,在经济起飞初期保证一定数量的政府资本性支出是必要的 ,但随着经济的不断发展和政府资本性支出累积的风险增加 ,财政转型十分必要。     

农村土地证券化融资研究

实行农村土地证券化既能解决农村资金投入不足的问题,也为资本市场的投资者创造了一种新的投资机会,并能降低银行贷款的风险。文章在分析土地证券化涵义及运作模式的基础上,运用技术经济方法对其经济可行性作了论证,并提出了我国实行农村土地证券化的政策建议。     

Investment under Trade Policy Uncertainty: an Empirical Investigation*

The link between trade policy uncertainty and the share of investment in GDP per capita is investigated using panel data drawn from over a hundred countries for the period 1960–2000. Five indicators of trade policy are used. Two specifications of volatility for each of the trade policy indicators are constructed as measures of trade policy uncertainty. Panel regression results suggest a robust correlation between the volatility of trade policy indicators and the investment share. A significant negative impact of trade policy volatility on the investment share is found in most trade policy indicators with an exception—the volatility of the trade share indicator more closely associated with volatility in quantity than in prices has a significant positive impact on the investment share.     

上市公司风险管理能力信息披露研究

席卷全球的金融危机极大地打击了投资者的信心,我国资本市场也受到了巨大的冲击,重新树立投资者的信心,增强上市公司的透明度,成为恢复资本市场秩序,保证资本市场健康发展的一个途径。风险管理能力是上市公司在激烈的市场竞争中,对其所面临的各种风险识别、评估与应对的能力,风险管理能力信息的披露,为相关利益者提供了更为透明的信息。     

战略贸易政策新进展与发展中国家贸易政策

通过对战略贸易政策在贸易的政治经济学、不确定性、不完全承诺和不完全信息等四个方面的新进展进行讨论,得出结论:新贸易理论的新进展使得脱胎于发达国家的战略贸易政策更加接近发展中国家市场经常失灵的现实,从而对发展中国家的贸易政策有重要的指导意义。     

风险还是机遇：经济政策不确定性对制造业突破式创新的影响

利用2010—2017年中国A股制造业上市公司数据，基于实物期权理论与宏观经济政策不确定性理论揭示经济政策不确定性对制造业突破式创新的影响及作用机制。由行为金融学视角出发，考察管理者过度自信对两者关系的调节作用。结果表明：经济政策不确定性对制造业突破式创新具有抑制作用，且这种抑制作用在先进制造业中更显著；管理者过度自信可削弱经济政策不确定性对制造业突破式创新的抑制作用；相较国有制造企业，非国有制造企业受经济政策不确定性的影响更显著，且管理者过度自信在非国有制造企业中的调节作用更显著。进一步分析其作用机制发现，融资约束在经济政策不确定性与制造业突破式创新关系中起部分中介作用。研究结论对制造业降低经济政策不确定性带来的风险，寻求高质量发展机遇具有一定的启示。     

Determinants of Capital Flight: An econometric case study of Bangladesh

While Bangladesh remains steeped in staggering external debt, it is also concurrently witnessing a substantial outflow of domestic capital. This situation raises serious policy concerns for its development prospects. This paper applies the Bounds testing and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag procedures to confirm the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between capital flight and its determinants, and to estimate the long-run and short-run behavior of capital flight from Bangladesh. The estimated results suggest that political instability is the single most significant cause of capital flight from Bangladesh, while increases in corporate income taxes, higher real interest rate differentials between the capital-haven countries and Bangladesh, and lower GDP growth rates also significantly contribute to capital flight.     

Specialization and Dynamics in a Trade Model*

An economy which can produce two tradeable goods, and an investment good which augments capital stocks, is shown to specialize in an optimal stationary state unless it is in the interior of a continuum from which no change is ever needed. On the traverse to a stationary state, non-specialization occurs if at all for only a finite time. Although the instantaneous production frontier is concave, the long-run frontier is linear, but the long-run rate of product transformation differs from the supply price ratio with positive time-preference. Long-run specialization may differ from that predicted by long-run comparative advantage.     

Policy reform and labour demand in branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry

Many policy reforms in developing countries aim to remove factor market distortions. Whether such reforms reduce unemployment depends partly on the substitution possibilities between labour and other factors of production. This paper examines labour demand in seven branches of Sri Lankan manufacturing industry, using data on 4-digit industrial categories over the 1990 to 1997 period. The Box–Cox transformation is used to allow for flexible, and data-dependent, elasticities. The elasticity of capital–labour substitution varies widely across the branches of industry and is usually variable rather than constant. The average, long-run own-wage elasticity of labour demand for the manufacturing sector is estimated as ?0.80, so factor price policy should have an important effect on labour demand in this setting.