贵州省雷电灾害风险评价与区划研究

[目的]从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体和防雷减灾能力4个方面确定13个评价指标开展雷电灾害风险评价与区划研究,实现定量化的雷电灾害风险评价。[方法]应用闪电监测资料、土壤数据库资料、GTOP30数据集以及社会经济统计和相关地理信息数据,基于目标、准则、指标层建立雷电灾害风险评价模型,采用投影寻踪方法获取指标权重,定量化分析致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性以及防雷减灾能力强弱,研究综合雷电灾害风险并完成等级划分。[结果]贵州省雷电灾害风险西部高于东部,整体呈现由西南部向东北部递减。其中西部的水城、六枝、普定、晴隆以及贵阳的云岩区、南明区、白云区中北部为高风险区,次低及低风险区主要分布在威宁及赫章西部区域、开阳东北部、平塘中东部、独山、荔波、万山、玉屏、碧江、思南、石阡、沿河的部分区域。[结论]通过灾前风险识别,可针对性的制定综合对策,为提高贵州省雷电灾害防御能力提供科学决策参考。     

山西省干旱灾害风险评估与区划

[目的]分析山西省干旱灾害风险的关键作用因子,并进行风险评估和区划,对于提升该地干旱灾害风险管理和决策水平、减轻干旱损失具有重要指导意义。[方法]文章利用改进的相对湿润度指数、DEM资料、地形坡度资料和1990—2016年以县(市)为单元的行政区域的人口密度、GDP、人均GDP、耕地面积等社会经济数据来定量化评价山西干旱风险,从干旱灾害致灾因子的危险性、孕灾环境的脆弱性、承灾体的易损性和防灾减灾能力4个方面选取因子,构建相应的指数模型并分析其空间分布状况,在此基础上进一步构建山西省干旱灾害风险综合评估模型,并基于GIS绘制山西省干旱灾害风险区划图。[结果]山西省干旱致灾因子危险性呈北高南低的趋势,大同、朔州、忻州北部和西部、太原南部的干旱致灾因子危险性最强;孕灾环境脆弱性呈东西两侧高、中间低的趋势,而承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力均呈东西两侧低、中间高的趋势;从干旱灾害风险区划图可以看出,山西省干旱风险总体呈北高南低,从西北向东南递减的趋势。高风险区主要分布在大同、朔州东部,较高风险区包括朔州西部、忻州中西部、太原大部,吕梁大部、晋中西部、临汾中部、运城西部为中风险区,临汾西部、晋中大部、长治东北部为较低风险区,临汾东部、运城东部、晋城大部、长治西部和南部风险最低。[结论]山西省干旱灾害的精细化风险区划,可为相关区域有效地开展抗旱活动提供定量化依据,增强干旱灾害防御的科学性、实用性和可操作性。     

河北省乡村雷电灾害风险区划研究

［目的］河北省乡村雷电灾害损失严重,开展河北省乡村雷电灾害风险区划研究对于风险管理具有重要意义。［方法］文章利用2010—2016年河北省闪电定位网观测数据、河北省统计年鉴及2014—2016年全国雷电灾害汇编资料,选取地闪密度和最大地闪强度表征雷灾危险性,乡村用电量及乡村家电拥有量表征雷灾脆弱性。采用风险矩阵方法,得到河北省各区县行政单元风险估算值。［结果］河北省乡村雷灾极高风险区位于秦皇岛南部昌黎县、唐山东北部迁安市以及保定南部定州市,将风险区划结果与2014年乡村雷灾频次分布对比发现,乡村雷电多灾区和该文的高风险区有较高的重合度。［结论］风险区划结果可为河北省有关部门乡村雷电防灾减灾规划提供科学依据。     

玉溪市雷电灾害风险区划研究

[目的]针对云南滇中烟区玉溪雷电频发、雷电灾害损失大、社会关注度较高的情况,开展玉溪雷电灾害风险区划研究。[方法]基于风险分析理论,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境风险、承灾体3方面入手,采用2010~2014年玉溪市闪电定位仪所获取的雷电资料、玉溪地理信息数据及社会经济等数据,综合考虑地闪密度和地闪强度、高程、地形起伏、土地利用情况、人口密度等因子,构建雷电综合风险指标,运用Arc GIS空间分析技术,得到玉溪市雷电灾害风险区划。[结果]玉溪雷电灾害高风险区主要位于澄江中南部、江川中部、玉溪中部、通海中部、华宁局部等区域;雷电灾害低风险区主要位于元江大部、新平中部、玉溪西部等区域。雷电灾害风险区划结果与玉溪雷电灾情一致,符合实际。[结论]玉溪各地雷电风险差异较大,文章的风险区划结果可以为有关部门减轻和防御雷电灾害、产业规划布局等提供科学的决策依据。     

辽西北地区农业干旱危险性评价与区划

[目的]开展农业干旱危险性评价与区划研究,为辽宁省西北地区农业防旱抗灾工作提供科学依据。[方法]文章根据联合国国际减灾战略署(ISDR)对农业干旱危险性的定义,分析了构成研究区作物干旱危险性的致灾因子和孕灾环境因子,采用层次分析法确定了各因子的权重,构建了研究区农业干旱危险性评价指标和模型。以2009年为例,通过利用降雨、土壤、农业生产类型及地形等数据计算了辽西北地区农业干旱危险性评价指数,利用自然间断点法分级干旱危险性评价指数,并借助GIS技术,绘制研究区农业干旱危险性等级区划图。[结果] 2009年作物生长期间研究区农业干旱危险性由高到低排列为:朝阳市葫芦岛市锦州市阜新市铁岭市沈阳市。[结论]辽西北地区农业干旱危险性等级区的划分,能够帮助政府管理部门为面临干旱威胁不同的区域建立适当的防灾方法和有效的应急预案。     

风暴潮灾害综合损失等级划分标准的研究

为了减轻风暴潮灾害带来的经济损失和社会影响,需要进行灾害损失评估并确定灾害损失等级。论文应用计量经济学中的联立方程模型,综合考虑灾害损失性特征和承灾体脆弱性特征,建立经济损失等级和人口损失等级的联立方程组,对1998～2009年风暴潮灾害数据进行拟合和验证。参数估计及检验结果显示,直接经济损失、地区经济密度与风暴潮的经济损失等级存在正相关关系,受灾人口数、人口密度与风暴潮的人口损失等级存在正相关关系,经济密度与人口损失等级呈负相关关系。论文认为,在综合损失等级划分依据和标准下提出的微灾、小灾、中灾、重灾、巨灾五个等级可较为准确地刻画风暴潮灾害造成的损失。     

基于云物元模型的南京市雨洪灾害风险评估

基于城市雨洪灾害的形成机制和属性特征,从致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体3个方面构建城市雨洪灾害风险评估指标体系,并提出相应的分级标准。采用云模型与物元分析方法耦合建立了城市雨洪灾害风险评估的云物元模型,并对南京市2011—2016年的雨洪灾害进行风险评估,得到历年南京市的雨洪灾害风险等级。结果表明,南京市夏季的城市雨洪灾害风险都处在较高的等级,且南京市遭受高风险等级的雨洪灾害的可能性也在逐年增加。从改善排水管网密度、加强雨水蓄存设施建设、降低城市不透水面积、加大市政防洪投入和提升城市雨洪应急处理能力等方面,提出了南京市雨洪灾害风险管理应对策略。     

河北省冬小麦—夏玉米干旱灾害风险评估

[目的]通过分析河北省冬小麦和夏玉米的干旱灾害风险的时空分布格局,从致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性、环境敏感性、防灾减灾能力4个因子出发确定10个指标,为河北省农业防旱抗灾工作提供科学支持。[方法]文章基于自然灾害理论,利用2000—2018年河北省气象站点数据,计算水分亏缺指数,并通过建立农作物减产率和水分亏缺指数的关系来确定不同干旱等级的临界阈值,建立基于信息扩散理论的干旱危险性评估模型。利用遥感数据以及统计年鉴数据,建立承灾体暴露性模型、环境敏感性模型和防灾减灾能力模型,在此基础上,对河北省冬小麦和夏玉米不同生育阶段进行干旱灾害综合风险评估。[结果]（1）将信息扩散模型应用于小样本事件中,弥补资料不足带来的缺陷,可对不同级别的干旱进行风险评估;（2）干旱发生程度以轻度干旱和中度干旱为主,发生严重干旱的概率极低,致灾因子是影响旱灾程度的关键因素;（3）冬小麦和夏玉米在不同生育阶段风险的空间分布是不均的,高风险区和中高风险区呈现零星点状分布,冀中和冀南综合风险比较高,防灾减灾能力在一定程度上缓解了旱灾对该区的影响力度,而对于冀东地区来说,承灾体的暴露性以及防灾减灾能力决定了旱灾对该区的...     

基于WGA算子—熵权法的农业洪涝灾害风险评估——以潍坊市为例

目的 为了提高农村地区洪涝灾害科学应对水平,减轻农业损失,构建了农业洪涝灾害风险评估模型,分析评估指标的灵敏度,制定科学有效的风险应对策略。方法 文章结合2018年山东潍坊市的气象、地理和社会经济资料,构建农业洪涝灾害风险评估指标体系,利用熵权法确定各指标的权重,通过WGA算子分析指标的灵敏度,并得到潍坊市风险评估值,借助GIS绘制潍坊市农业洪涝灾害风险等级图,以此为基础制定风险防范措施。结果 （1）地形高程差和河网密度的指标灵敏度最大,最大日降水量次之,暴雨频率、汛期降水量、地均农业GDP、卫生机构数量的指标灵敏程度低。（2）潍坊市致灾因子的危险性从西往东逐渐减弱;孕灾环境敏感度最强的是潍坊西部和南部的山区,地势起伏大、河流众多,极易造成洪涝灾害;潍坊市的承灾体易损性呈现出从西北到东南逐级递减的现象;防灾减灾能力较弱的地区位于潍坊市的中部。（3）潍坊市综合风险总体态势是从西南到东北逐级递减。（4）应对致灾危险,提高气象预警的及时性和准确性,适当调整农作物的播种时间;应对孕灾敏感,兴修水利工程,发展林业;应对承灾易损,注重抗涝作物的栽培,加强对农业的自救;增强防灾能力,推行相应的保险协议,科普相关的防灾减灾知识,从而减少洪涝灾害给农业带来的损失。结论 通过农业洪涝灾害风险评估模型,可掌握潍坊市各地区的风险等级,因地制宜地制定风险应对策略,为农业防灾减灾提供理论支持和政策建议。     

风暴潮灾害自然等级预报联立方程模型研究

准确定位风暴潮灾强弱,有助于开展防灾减灾工作。论文运用多指标分级方法将风暴潮自然等级强度划分为超警戒水位强度和浪高强度两个方面,并依据超警戒水位强度和浪高强度建立风暴潮等级预报联立方程。最后对比分析了基于国家划分标准和本文划分标准的风暴潮自然等级与灾情等级结果,发现0601台风自然等级由蓝色变为黄色,0505号台风由橙色警报变为黄色警报,两次台风的灾情等级均由一般海洋灾害变为较大海洋灾害;得出风速、浪高、增水、超警戒水位对于风暴潮的自然综合等级是正相关的关系。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.